The Leveled Sentences By Eugene Sentences - 962 Words

Leveled Sentences In the leveled sentence survey, Eugene must read leveled sentences. There are two different types of leveled sentences that he must read: narrative and expository sentences. Through the administration of this test, Eugene s reading level is found out and a passage is selected for him to read. There nine levels of sentences and the test administration must start the test off by making Eugene read at the number level below his grade level, three. If Eugene can read the leveled sentences without making two mistakes during reading. If he does make more than two mistakes, Eugene must read the sentences at the next lowest level. If he does not make more than two mistakes, he can read the sentences at the next highest level. The test administrator must identify the level at which Eugene can read without make two or more mistakes. The level for which Eugene can read the narrative sentences is at 3, and the level for which he can read expository sentences is at 2. Narrative Passage Since Eugene tested on a level 3 with his narrative sentences, he read a level 3 passage called The Big Bad Wolf which contained 235 words. With this assessment, Eugene must silently read the text and then retell the story to the test administrator. The test administrator has a series of comprehension questions about the test that contain the answers to them. These are questions that While Eugene is retelling the story, the administrator must mark each question thatShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pages61, was a passionate, driven man, a veteran of the cola wars, but his was a checkered past. A Coca-Cola bottler in Virginia, he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of price fixing and received a $100,000 fine and a suspended prison sentence. He then bought Pepsi’s small Puerto Rican franchise in 1987. Then, in 1989, Beach acquired the exclusive Pepsi franchise for Buenos Aires, Argentina—one of the most important bottling franchises outside the United States. By discounting and launchingRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbook before you is better because of the insight they provided. We’d like to recognize reviewers of this edition: Norman Foy, Mercy College; Cathy Daly, Cal State Sacramento; Barbara Blissert, Mills College; Teresa Palmer, Illinois State University; Eugene Garaventa, College of Staten Island; Carolyn Waits, Cincinnati State University; Joyce Guillory, Austin Community College; Diane Regal, Sullivan County Community College; Robert Perkins, Mercer University; Carol A. Spector, University of North Florida;

Essay on Judith Butler and Postmodern Feminism - 2618 Words

Judith Butler and Postmodern Feminism What necessary tasks does Judith Butler identify for feminist criticism? How is her articulation of and response to these tasks characteristically postmodern? She has no identity except as a wife and mother. She does not know who she is herself. She waits all day for her husband to come home at night to make her feel alive. This sentiment lay buried, unspoken, for many years, in the minds of American women, until In 1960, the problem that has no name bust like a boil through the image of the happy American housewife. Betty Friedan coined the phrase `the problem that has no name during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. By the time Judith Butler began articulating her views on†¦show more content†¦Juliet Mitchell concurs with Butlers view in her critique; Psycho-analysis and Feminism (1974), where she attempts to show that gender is constructed rather than biologically necessitated and sees importance be place upon identifying the precise developmental moments of that construction in the history of gendered subjects. This is similar to Butlers demand for a genealogical inquiry into gender construction. Butler draws on Jea n Paul Sartres essentialism; existence precedes essence, and Simone de Beauvoirs concept that One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. Judith Sargent Murray argues that when born we are tabula rasa; a blank slate, therefore concurs with the idea that one is not born a woman; our gender is constructed. Donna Haraway adopts Murrays concept later, suggesting we rid of our cultural baggage and accept our identitys as hybrid. In her feminist discourse Butler maintains this idea that a sense of `womanness is not prescribed at birth, but is in fact constructed by society through experience and life. Gender is not something you are but something you do; gender, sexuality and the self do not exist before they are performed in a social context. Butlers `Gender Trouble seeks to discover, however if there is some commonality among women...independent of their subordination by hegemonic, masculinist cultures? Butler questions if there are, perhaps certain natural elements that are speci ficallyShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmodern viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of â€Å"man†. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender altogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreGender and Postmodern1508 Words   |  7 PagesModern â€Å"An argumentative essay on ‘Gender’ through comparison and contrast of the views of authorities who are postmodern practitioners† Introduction Defining postmodernism as well as gender is an extremely difficult task if not impossible. This essay is an argument on the two postmodernist’s concept on ‘Gender’. 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The fact that these disagreements occur within the realm of the intellectual undoubtedly puts a wry smile on the face of either party. While feminism and postmodernism share several characteristics, most notably the deconstruction of the masculinised western ideology, feminism chooses to place itself within the absolutism of the modernist movementRead MoreThe Inequality Of Gender Inequality2723 Words   |  11 Pages PIED2721 End of Semester Essay Student Number - 200823400 Word Count: Which types of feminism can best account for the persistence of gender inequality? Include discussion of at least two different types of feminism. Introduction It would be foolish to say that gender inequality is not a continuing problem in today’s society. However it is difficult to understand why this view is so persistent. This is due to the great variety of issues and the large number of competing and oftenRead MoreAn Analysis Of Haraway s Manifesto Manifesto Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagesby Cyborg Manifesto. From this productive dialogue this paper also hears echoes the oft-times contentious debates between Feminism and Poststructuralism/Postmodernism. The strains of it are captured in the contentions between feminist academics Seyla Benhabib and Judith Butler (Feminist Contentions 1994). For example, in advocating against a feminist embrace of Postmodern canons (i.e. – ‘Death of Man’, ‘Death of History’, ‘Death of Metaphysics’ [18-20]) that she claims would diffuse, drain andRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Communications Developed Over The Last Century?1803 Words   |  8 Pagesworld that has had major input in the development of technology and knowledge. However, there are theoretical aspects that have gone into the development of media and communications such Marxism, structuralism, cultural studies, subcultural theory, feminism and postmodernism. Louis Althusser (1970) wrote an essay called ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’, in which he explains how the various parts of social formation- â€Å"the family, education, the mass media, cultural and political institutions†Read MoreSocial And Feminist International Relations Theory Essay1766 Words   |  8 Pagessocially constructed and in herently dynamic and non-binary. From the perspective of Feminist International Relations theory, and employing the concept of intersectionality and the works of post-modern feminist international relations theorists, Judith Butler, Ann Tickner, and Christine Sylvester will be used to support my argument from the approach of gender identity. 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Readers with a background in the humanities, feminist philosophies of science, postmodern feminist theories, or queer theories, however, are likely to see these goals as something else: complex, perhaps even misguided or naive. As psychologist Carolyn Wood Sherif (1979/1987, p. 51) wrote some thirty years ago, â€Å"If the issues of [gender]

Managerial Self Development for Cultural Aspects - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagerial Self Development for Cultural Aspects. Answer: Elements of Culture as Discussed in the Case Study Symbols Cultural aspects are dominant in the study that calibrates the effects of culture on the prevalence of business more so those that encroach foreign countries. The first element is symbols. Symbols are evident in the journey of Disney. When Disney was establishing its theme park in Hong Kong, it was influenced to be keen on the exterior and the interior architecture of the buildings(Du, 2016).The exterior and the interior designs were to symbolize the relatedness of humanity and the earth. Moreover, the buildings were also supposed to express the geographical landscape. Similarly, Disney had to embrace the red color in all of its color schemes in the theme park(Ku, 2016). The red color depicted prosperity and thus for the business to be sustain of its unforeseeable future, it had to be part of this culture that treasured and adored the red color. Symbols guided the strategic operations of the company. Symbolism was embraced in the bid to be part of this great culture that determined t he acceptability of the hospitality company. Language Simultaneously, language as also an element of culture in the prospects of Disney, the language of the host country was significant in the determination of the language policy that could form the official communication in the theme park(Campton, T., Hansen, C., Moed, S., Raffanello, J., Winkler, R. , 2014). In the case of the Paris Disney, the company was said to have unheeded the French as their national language. Disney had done this through the implementation of the strict English-only policy(Newell, 2013). In the contest of the Hong Kong Disney, the languages, three languages were paramount that is English, Mandarin, and Cantonese. It is thus of essence that the workers of the Hong Kong Disney were supposed to be conversant with the three languages. The use of the hosts country languages in the theme parks in the various countries was in the move to establish a connection between the culture of the parent company and the host company(Denzin, N. K. , 2015). The use of English was used as the blend between the languages of the two countries. The neglecting of the national language of the host country was an automatic instigation of a conflict. Norms and Beliefs Norms refer to the common way of performing activities by a particular group. In the case of the Disney, the company had to change its management style from its fundamental hierarchical management structure(Robbins, F., G Polite, M. , 2014). Also, Disney was pushed to reduce the number of employees so as to be able to ensure the effectiveness of the organization. The empowerment of the workers is crucial, and that is why Disney in Paris had to engage in a lot of training of its employees. Disney initially in Paris had placed a ban on the use of alcohol in the park. The norms of the company promoted the use of alcohol. The company thus had to uplift the embargo(Smither, R., Houston, J., McIntire, S. , 2016). The other norm that was in Paris was the low prices in the merchandise. It was thus essential for the company to lower the premiums that it had placed on its merchandise. The norms that were cultivated in Hong Kong were primarily based on the Feng Shui superstitions. The Feng Shui is important in the culture that an organization. The Feng Shui norms demanded the use of specific numerals that were characterized to be associated with good luck and wealth(Matusitz, J., Palermo, L. , 2014). Disney had to use some specific digits such as 2238 that was used in the decoration of lotuses. Also, the company had to exclude the use of green color in its theme park because depicted a negative attitude to the people who bought items of this color. Values Values for the Disney were imperative. It was crucial for Disney in Paris to change its way of operation due to the values that the French country had. Paris valued morality and freedom. When Disney was establishing it received a lot of opposition by Paris due to the America culture that they were displaying (Bohas, A. , 2015).The Paris people were pissed off by way of dressing of the Americans, and they believed that they had come to disrupts the cultural beliefs that they held so high. To add on, the French people also that the Americans were aiming at bringing imperialism into their country. Rituals Rituals were an integral part of the Chinese culture, and it was supposed to be inculcated in every aspect of life. It was relevant for Disney to ensure that it performed rituals after finishing the construction of each building. Other ceremonies included that of energy and the tapping of luck by incorporating corners in the building process. Disney Lessons in Paris Disney was in the best position of learning that the culture of the host country played a significant role in the performance of an institution. The company correctly learned that the culture of the people determined the expectation of the workers. For instance, the workers of Paris expected that the company was supposed to initiate training and development of their skills in hospitality(Jones, P., Jones, P., Hillier, D., Hillier, D., Comfort, D., Comfort, D., 2016). Similarly, the company learned that the attitudes of the people in the host country towards the company molded the image that it could be portrayed with. For instance, in this case, the company had a bad image due to the culture that it had brought and specifically the dressing code and the under grading of their national language(Karadjova-Stoev, G., Mujtaba, B. G. , 2016). The company also identified that the prices of the commodities determined the marketability of the merchandise. The high prices are unacceptable, and thus it had to reduce the premium. Disney learned that it could not attain performance by merely implementing the culture of their parent country in a foreign country that had its way of doing things(Kwantes, C. T., Glazer, S. , 2017).The culture of a host country affected all the major factors of the company from human resource, pricing, policies to the management of the company. Use of Analytical Tools in the Solving of Organizational problems Disney should look into its operations through the use of the most appropriate analytical tools. The analytical tools include the BCG matrix, SWOT analysis, bench making and the gap analysis. The BCG matrix will help in the identification of which areas need to be allocated more resources than others. For instance, the Disneys cash cows quadrant would be the attractive theme park that is rich with culture and magnificence. It can thus depend on this in acquiring of the stable income from the services provided to the locals and the visitors(Bock, A., Frank, U., Bergmann, A., Strecker, S. (, November). , 2016). The stars, in this case, would be the competent staff that makes the company have the competitive advantage in the hospitality industry. In the event of the stars, the company should emphasize in the training of its staff from time to time so that they are always conversant with the emerging contingency skills. Disney can also look into its dog's quadrant that can be the Americ an culture inculcated in the organization. The incorporation of the American culture into the operations of the company has limited benefits. Scarce resources should be allocated to the sector. The company should consider retrenching the unwanted American culture in the theme parks. The gap analysis technique would be useful in the comparison of the actual results of the company about the expected results of the enterprise(Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. , 2014). In the case of Paris, the company should compare the performance that was anticipated and the actual results. The variance needs to be corrected in the light of the objectives of the enterprise. The problems thus will be solved to close the gap that is between the performances. The bench making tool will aid in the comparison of the performance or the operation techniques of the company and that of the other businesses in the industry. The company can finance the interaction of the staff of the enterprise with staff from another hospitality company so as to necessitate the exchange of ideas(Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. , 2014).The ideas can be used in the prompting of performance to entice new customers and in developing new markets. The bench making will also aid in the company identifying how the other companies are dealing with problems such as dealing with the diverse cultures at the workplace or the integration of the activities of the company with the culture of the locals. The SWOT analysis will instigate the company to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that are associated everyday activities of Disney. The identification of the companys strengths will help the company strategize on how to utilize them to capacity given the required(Fletcher, 2016).Working on its strengths will give the company a competitive edge in the market. For instance, if the appreciating the local culture and integrating it into the business will lead to a good reputation, then the company can direct more funds in the research and development department so as to get the best out of business. The company wills possible ways of dealing with the weaknesses that it has in the host country so as to create an efficient environment for its activities. The shortcomings in this scenario will be the incorporation of the diverse cultures into the firm. The company will thus employ more specialist experts that will guide the company in the embracing the various cultures at the workplace. The opportunities for the enterprise can be invested in the bid to reduce the problem that the firm is facing. For instance, the company has the opportunity of developing a broad market in Hong Kong(Mazalov, I., Richter, J., 2016). The market has the potential to grow, and thus the company can demand a significant market share so that it can earn profits in the long run and the short run. The other opportunity would be to develop other products and services in Paris and Hong Kong. The threats of the company majorly include incompatible cultures and the political stability of the company. The company to reduce the impact of the threats, it can engage in CSR activities that can promote peace in the host countries(Gray, 2013). The incompatible cultures can be captured through the embracing of training. Threats can only be reduced for most of the time they are stirred by the uncontrollable factors. Evaluation of the impact of the Disneys interpersonal and the cultural awareness skills on their performance and how the Chinese culture with its Hong Kong ventures. It was paramount for the company to have identified that it needed to incorporate the culture of the locals so as to prosper Hong Kong. It was helpful for the company also given the capable and rapidly developing economies. The interpersonal and the cultural awareness skills led to its competitive advantage. The company has the potential in the market through the creation of a positive image for its brand. Through the identification of the key aspects of the Chinese culture, the company was able to comply with the requirements of the locals and this the business increased its market share and has prospects for a bright future ahead. The organization constructed its building according to the beliefs of the Fend Shui. It utilized the culture of forming the interior and the exterior walls that depicted the landscape. The theme park was decorated in numerals that according to the Chinese culture instigated luck; for instance, the use of 2238. The company also did not avail green merchandise in its premises for it was associated with adultery of the wife of the person that wore it. The company theme color was red an indication of prosperity. It was clear that every theme that the theme park symbolized the rich culture of the Chinese. The building had to associate harmony and the earth. It can be certain that the beliefs of the Chinese about the use of their culture in the business breed success. The company identified this, and thus it did not want to take chances. It is also of essence that the company had learned its lessons from the hostility that it had to keep up with the previous countries that it had availed their hospitality services. The company cultivated the best skills in its policy making more so in its human resource department. The company was knowledgeable that the use of the native languages could reduce the chances of discrimination allegations from the employees. The company had learned from the Paris market that most of the employees perceived the English-only policy as a tool for discriminating the French workers in their country. Also, the company employed employees who could speak various languages. This was a technique to welcome all the visitors and the locals to the theme park. Most if not all the cultures were appreciated by Disney. The inculcation of the rich Chinese culture and the knowledge of grabbing the hospitality in Hong Kong through the practicing of the lessons learned and the seeking of information from experts from individuals that were knowledgeable about the Feng Shui. This has been a stepping stone to this market that will give the company nothing less than profits and popularity. Disney was aware of the values, beliefs, attitudes, rituals, norms, language that gave the hospitality company the face of an entirely Chinese customized hospitality industry. Interpersonal and the Cultural Issues would arise if Disney Chose Dubai for its next Theme Park Dubai as a country is significantly different from China. Thus it is essential to identify that the strategies that were employed in Hong Kong definitely will not be viable in this country that not only hosts the Emirates but over other citizens from over 150 countries. It is thus imperative to identify, unlike Hong Kong that majorly had the Chinese people. Embracing one culture will at not extent create a competitive advantage for Disney. The country majorly is dominated by Muslims, and thus there is need to incorporate them into the strategic planning of the theme park. For instance, there should be an excluded section in the food court that would be used by the non-Muslims during alcohol and pork consumption(Goby, V. P., Goby, V. P., Ali, H. M. A., Ali, H. M. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., ... Al Haddad, K. I. M. A., 2017). Muslims are barred from taking the two by their religion. Islam also calls for prayer sessions from time to time. It is thus paramount for Disney to include praying rooms that will allow the Muslims to pray comfortably while at they are at the theme park Again. It is the nature of the Arabs to shop, thus to take advantage of this; the company will have to consider having a one-stop shop that will contain a comprehensive product line for Arabs that treasure shopping in luxurious malls. Also, the presence of tourists in the population of Dubai creates the impression that the theme park should be an area that is attractive and enjoyable to visit. If the company takes this up then it is promised of a high flow of tourists in its premise (Alawadi, K., Dooling, S. , 2016).The opening time of the theme park should also be strategized, in this country, the temperatures during the day are scorching, and thus the company can open during the late hours when the temperatures are low. Alternatively, the company can install air conditioners or cooling water sprayers to regulate the temperatures. Bibliography Alawadi, K., Dooling, S. . (2016). Challenges and opportunities for participatory planning approaches within Dubais urban context. Journal of Urbanism: International Researchon Placemaking and Urban Sustainability , 9 (3), 276-301. Bock, A., Frank, U., Bergmann, A., Strecker, S. (, November). . (2016). Towards Support forStrategic Decision Processes Using Enterprise Models: A Critical Reconstruction of Strategy Analysis Tools. In IFIP Working Conference on The Practice of Enterprise Modelling. Springer International Publishing. Bohas, A. . (2015). Transnational Firms and the Knowledge Structure: The Case of the Walt Disney Company. Global Society , 29 (1), 23-41. Campton, T., Hansen, C., Moed, S., Raffanello, J., Winkler, R. . (2014). Euro Disneyland Instructor: Sarah Lefebvre March 26th, 2014. Denzin, N. K. . (2015). Disneyland Indians: circa Paris, 2014. Qualitative Research , 15 (4), 506-524. Du, J. (2016). Opportunities and challenges for Shanghai DisneylandA stakeholder analysis. Handbook Event Market China. Fletcher, F. (2016). Solutions: Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Goby, V. P., Goby, V. P., Ali, H. M. A., Ali, H. M. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., ... Al Haddad, K. I. M. A. (2017). Workforce localization, information sharing, and the imperative of culture: A preliminary exploration of expatriate-Emirati information sharing in Dubai's private sector. international Journal of Organizational Analysis , 25 (1), 103-122. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. . (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River: NJ: pearson. Gray, D. E. (2013). Doing research in the real world. Sage. Jones, P., Jones, P., Hillier, D., Hillier, D., Comfort, D., Comfort, D. (2016). Sustainability inthe hospitality industry: Some personal reflections on corporate challenges and researchagendas. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 28 (1), 36-67. Karadjova-Stoev, G., Mujtaba, B. G. . (2016). Strategic human resource management and global expansion lessons from the Euro disney challenges in France. The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online) , 15 (3), 79. Ku, A. S. (2016). Postcolonial Cultural Trends in Hong Kong. Crisis and Transformation inChina's Hong Kong. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. . (2014). Diagnosing a firm's internal environmentfor corporate entrepreneurship. Business Horizons , 57 (1), 37-47. Kwantes, C. T., Glazer, S. . (2017). Organizations and Culture. In Culture, Organizations, and Work . Springer International Publishing. Matusitz, J., Palermo, L. . (2014). The Disneyfication of the World: A Grobalisation Perspective. Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change , 11 (2), 91- 107. Mazalov, I., Richter, J. (2016). The elimination of selected barriers in the decision makingprocess. Central European Journal of Management , 2 (1,2). Newell, L. A. (2013). Mickey Goes to France: A Case Study of the Euro Disneyland Negotiations. Robbins, F., G Polite, M. . (2014). The most powerful mouse in the world: the globalization of the Disney brand. Global Journal of Management And Business Research , 14 (1). Smither, R., Houston, J., McIntire, S. . (2016). Organization development: Strategies for changing environments. Routledge.

Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay Example

Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay An Objective inquiry by Dr. Ignatius Gwanmesia into the importance of the influence of the mass media on our attitude to crime. Introduction The British crime phobia â€Å"in part generated by sensationalist media coverage†, Kirsta (2001, p. 5); the corresponding prioritisation of crime-related debates in most party manifestos, Brand and Price, (2000, p. ); the reciprocal investigations into the impact of media messages on crime attitudes are justified on the reality that â€Å"every seconds somewhere in Britain a crime is being committed, and popular newspapers outbid one another to present ever more sensationally lurid coverage of muggings, murders and rapes† Kirsta, (1988, p. 4). While prevailing circumstances may give the impression of a crime epidemic partly due to mass media influence, pinions about direct correlates are not only polarised but problematic in validity and reliability. In analysing the mass media influence on public attitude to crime, I will start by defining ‘mass media’ and ‘crime’. Then, using the television, the newspapers and films as my mass media typologies, I will concurrently critically analyse prevailing opinions on how they impact on public attitude to crime. While the appraisal will evaluate prevailing debates, the conclusion will be a resume of dialogues developed exclusively within the essay. Based on the Harvard model, the bibliography will alphabetically credit citations made within the discourse. Definition Mass media denotes, â€Å"the methods and organization used by special social groups to convey messages to large, socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences† Trowler, (2001, p. 1). The television, newspapers, radio, cinema, mobile phones, films etc are mass media instruments employed in encoding and disseminating messages. Crime denotes â€Å"an action or omission which constitute an offence and is punishable by law† Pearsall, (1998, p. 434). The Mass media attitude-influencing debate With television as the typology, Allen, (1994, p. 37) cites the hitherto elief that â€Å"the camera never lies† to emphasise the trust or reality that majority of the public attaches to mass media messages. From a semiotic and structural perspective, Robert Allen goes on to emphasise that while mass media information are â€Å"partial, motivated, conventional and biased† (p. 38), people simply receive them as †pure information, as an unmediated signifier†. Whi le this tendency and the lack of media literacy may collude to accord consensus to â€Å"the power-wielding ability of the press to instigate public hysteria on crime†, Banks, (2001, p. 7); Trowler, (2001), the correlate between the mass media messages and crime is not only highly contentious but is a factor of a myriad of variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b). With television, the newspapers and films as typologies, the medical model perceives the mass media as the syringe, the message as what is injected and the audience as the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accordingly, the influence of the media on our attitudes to crime is a factor of dosage, (the quantity, frequency and extent of exposure to mass media socialisation, Allen, (1994, p. 37); and the resilience, (audience’s selective ability rather than passive attitude to media messages). However, irrespective of our resilience, â€Å"prolonged exposure to biased media message will eventually impact on our attitudes to crime. † Lazarsfeld et al. , (1948). Some sociologists assert that, â€Å"the hypnotic power of the mass media deprives us of the capacity for critical thought. Marcuse, (1972). This is acute within contemporary techno-globalised society where audiences are incessantly bombarded with crime details or crime-explicit films. Regarding films, the murder of James Bulger was attributed to â€Å"re-enactment of scenes from ‘Child’s play 111. † Ford, (1994). Similarly, critics argue that the television, news papers and cinema have socialised aud iences into stereotyping crime so that medical conditions like mental illness are being criminalised. For example society is more predisposed to prejudge innocent mental patients culpable solely by reason of their circumstance compared to affluent criminals. Similarly, the allegation that British society is â€Å"intrinsically racist†, Donald and Rattansi, (1992, p. 4) is exemplified in media reporting that visibly seem to socialised audiences into criminalising ‘Blackness’. Here, subsequent to a fatal assault, a tabloid caption read, â€Å"Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’† The Sun, (2007). The resulting public hysteria and outraged evoked was indicative of the extent to which placid readers had been socialised through minds and thoughts manipulation into passive and stereotypical consumers of bias media messages. Here, the media relegated the actual criminal act of murder into insignificance while readers were manipulated into using ‘blackness’ with implications of racism as primary criteria in their evaluation of the crime. Similarly, the Telegraph headline of December 14th 1985; â€Å"Black Brixton Looters jailed† Trowler, (2001, p. 10) is typical of mass media attitude manipulation so that ‘blackness’ is perceived as synonymous with criminality. Furthermore, the newspapers and television’s preoccupation with technical efficiency at the expense of empathetic concern have socialised audience into making stars of criminals while crime victims are either negated or re-victimised. Kirsta, (1988, p. 105). For example, the social wor ker was isolated and vilified in the Victoria Climbe trails, thanks to media-audience manipulation. The media’s influence here was to manipulate the audience to scapegoat the less credential social worker as opposed to the learned consultant. As in most criminal investigations, the media became the reporter, prosecutor, judge and executioner while the audience passively consented to the media propaganda. Society’s stereotypical perception of social workers â€Å"as indecisive wimps who fail to protect children from death, or as authoritarian bullies who unjustifiably snatch children from their parent† Banks, (2001, p. 17) persist today thanks to media influence. Ultimately, until a herculean revolution is affected to change the way mass media messages are encoded and disseminated, attitudes to crime will always reciprocate and satisfy the mass media’s mind manipulation and socialisation processes. Appraisal While conservatives of the Mary Whitehouse school vilify the mass media for encouraging and â€Å"desensitizing the audience to crime and violence and other forms of deviance†, Trowler, (2001, p. 112), advocates uphold them not only as the primary means of informing the public but argue that audiences â€Å"are complicated filter mechanism that are selective in their interpretation and pplication of mass media messages. Fiske, (1986). Similarly, while this argument may provide plausible reasons to argue that the selective consumption of media messages serves to mitigate the alleged domineering influence of the mass media on public crime attitudes, Robert Allen (1994, p. 6) stressed that â€Å"despite the seemingly self-evi dent manner in which we are able to make sense of television, that ability is in fact a result of our having learned the convention of television reading. Furthermore, although Robert Allen, (1994, p. 14) says â€Å"early mass communication scholars were impressed by broadcasting’s direct, immediate and drastic effects on behaviours and attitudes†,(p. 14), in qualifying his statement, he emphasised that â€Å"the media did not tell people what to think so much as they told people what to think about. † (p. 14). Crime-wise, the debate would then be whether the mass media implicitly drives some people into committing crime or does it rather set the agenda for public discourse on crime? If as a result of the latter, mass media audiences are instigated to undertake dialogue as a result thereof, then, this must be indicative of attitudes that are the result of mass media sensitisation about crime, or counter response to media crime representations. Whatever the case, a comprehensive appraisal of the power of the mass media on crime attitude is inherently problematic since this â€Å"is an under-research phenomenon† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 118) which â€Å"operates by conventions rather than by hard-and-fast rules. † Allen, (1994, p. 49). Moreover, McQuail, (1994, p. 27) noted that â€Å"there is little agreement on the nature and extent of these assumed effects. † Nonetheless, while it is generally presumed that the mass media influence audience’s attitudes to crime and â€Å"that television cultivates people’s beliefs† Gerbner and Larry (1976), counter argument asserts that â€Å"an individual’s attitude o r predisposition can modify or sometimes completely distort the meaning of a given mass media message† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 127). Furthermore, from an entertainment or escapist perspective, it is argued that television â€Å"is not supposed to be taken seriously. Allen, (1994, p. 4). The issue here is the proportion of mass media audience that are objective enough to discern facts from fiction. Nevertheless, the reality with mass media dependency as our primary source of information or entertainment is that, our attitudes to crime will always mirror some of the shortcomings of the media’s encoding and dissemination processes. Bearing in mind the fact that being a capitalist society where profit-making supersedes ethical and moral values, the various attitudes to crime are factors of vested interest as well as one’s social class within the prevailing economic structure. Research-wise the media’s quest to galvanise readership by stressing the scale rather than the true extent of crime â€Å"is neither ethically acceptable nor logical. † Ennew, (1996, p. 12). Conclusion. In the contemporary techno-globalised world where audiences are not only mass media-dependent for information, Banks, (2001); Trowler, (2001), but are incessantly bombarded with crime minutiae, there is consensus that our attitudes to crime will reciprocate these realities. Banks, (2001); Brand and Price, (2000). However, the extent to which these attitudes are a consequence of media socialisation and manipulation is dependent on a myriad of inter-related variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b); There is also consensus that the public’s habitual moral panic and knee-jerk attitudes of indignation, detestation, and sometimes mass hysteria to emotive crime-reporting are usually instigated by sensational reporting â€Å"to increase readership rather than transmit facts. Kirsta, (1988). Nonetheless some critics argue that â€Å"the mass media, rather than changing attitudes, serves to confirm those attitudes already held by audience. † Trowler, (2001, p. 64). Furthermore, the apparent media’s influence on crime attitude is mitigated on the assumption that majority of the public are rationally selective in their consumption of media messages. Fiske, (1986). Holistically, â€Å"the lack of systematic researches into the exact impact of the mass media on our attitudes to crime†, Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 18), is colluding with other factors to render it necessary to question the reliability and validity of prevailing opinions. Allen, (1994). Thus, until the relevant mechanism is established to address this deficiency, related analysis will forever be shrouded in relativities? Bibliography Allen, R. (1994) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: television and contemporary criticism 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Banks, S. (2001) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. Boyd-Barrett, O. and Newbold, C. (2001) Approaches to Media: A Reader. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing. Brand, S. and Price, R. (2000) The Economic and Social Cost of Crime. London: Home Office Research Study. 217. Buckingham, D. (1993b) Reading Audiences: Young People and the Media. Manchester: UP Ennew et al, (1996) Children and Prostitution: How Can we Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. New York: UNICEF. Fiske, J. (1986) Television: polysemy and popularity, Critical Studies in Mass Communication. Vol, 3. Ford, M. (1994). Sight and Sound. London: BFI. Gerbner, G. And Larry, G. (1976) Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2. Gillespie, M. (1995) Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. London: Routledge. Grays, A. (1992) Video Playtime. London: Routledge. Gunter, B. (1997) Children and the fear of crime. London: Libbey. Gunter, B. (11995) Television and Gender: Representation. London: John Libbey. Katz, E. (1979) On Conceptualising Media Effects. Leuven: Catholic University. Kirsta, A. (1988) Victims: Surviving the aftermath of violent crime. London: Hutchison Ltd. Klapper, J. T (1960) The Effect of Mass Communication. New York: Free Press. Lazarsfeld, P. F. Et al. (1948) The People’s Choice. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Marcuse, H. (1972) The One Dimensional Man. London: Abacus. McQuail, D. (1994) Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, 3rd edn. London: Sage. Pearsall, J. (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Sun, (2007). Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’ London: The Sun Newspaper. Trowler, P. (1998) Investigating Mass Media. London: Collins Educational. Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay Example Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay An Objective inquiry by Dr. Ignatius Gwanmesia into the importance of the influence of the mass media on our attitude to crime. Introduction The British crime phobia â€Å"in part generated by sensationalist media coverage†, Kirsta (2001, p. 5); the corresponding prioritisation of crime-related debates in most party manifestos, Brand and Price, (2000, p. ); the reciprocal investigations into the impact of media messages on crime attitudes are justified on the reality that â€Å"every seconds somewhere in Britain a crime is being committed, and popular newspapers outbid one another to present ever more sensationally lurid coverage of muggings, murders and rapes† Kirsta, (1988, p. 4). While prevailing circumstances may give the impression of a crime epidemic partly due to mass media influence, pinions about direct correlates are not only polarised but problematic in validity and reliability. In analysing the mass media influence on public attitude to crime, I will start by defining ‘mass media’ and ‘crime’. Then, using the television, the newspapers and films as my mass media typologies, I will concurrently critically analyse prevailing opinions on how they impact on public attitude to crime. While the appraisal will evaluate prevailing debates, the conclusion will be a resume of dialogues developed exclusively within the essay. Based on the Harvard model, the bibliography will alphabetically credit citations made within the discourse. Definition Mass media denotes, â€Å"the methods and organization used by special social groups to convey messages to large, socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences† Trowler, (2001, p. 1). The television, newspapers, radio, cinema, mobile phones, films etc are mass media instruments employed in encoding and disseminating messages. Crime denotes â€Å"an action or omission which constitute an offence and is punishable by law† Pearsall, (1998, p. 434). The Mass media attitude-influencing debate With television as the typology, Allen, (1994, p. 37) cites the hitherto elief that â€Å"the camera never lies† to emphasise the trust or reality that majority of the public attaches to mass media messages. From a semiotic and structural perspective, Robert Allen goes on to emphasise that while mass media information are â€Å"partial, motivated, conventional and biased† (p. 38), people simply receive them as †pure information, as an unmediated signifier†. Whi le this tendency and the lack of media literacy may collude to accord consensus to â€Å"the power-wielding ability of the press to instigate public hysteria on crime†, Banks, (2001, p. 7); Trowler, (2001), the correlate between the mass media messages and crime is not only highly contentious but is a factor of a myriad of variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b). With television, the newspapers and films as typologies, the medical model perceives the mass media as the syringe, the message as what is injected and the audience as the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accordingly, the influence of the media on our attitudes to crime is a factor of dosage, (the quantity, frequency and extent of exposure to mass media socialisation, Allen, (1994, p. 37); and the resilience, (audience’s selective ability rather than passive attitude to media messages). However, irrespective of our resilience, â€Å"prolonged exposure to biased media message will eventually impact on our attitudes to crime. † Lazarsfeld et al. , (1948). Some sociologists assert that, â€Å"the hypnotic power of the mass media deprives us of the capacity for critical thought. Marcuse, (1972). This is acute within contemporary techno-globalised society where audiences are incessantly bombarded with crime details or crime-explicit films. Regarding films, the murder of James Bulger was attributed to â€Å"re-enactment of scenes from ‘Child’s play 111. † Ford, (1994). Similarly, critics argue that the television, news papers and cinema have socialised aud iences into stereotyping crime so that medical conditions like mental illness are being criminalised. For example society is more predisposed to prejudge innocent mental patients culpable solely by reason of their circumstance compared to affluent criminals. Similarly, the allegation that British society is â€Å"intrinsically racist†, Donald and Rattansi, (1992, p. 4) is exemplified in media reporting that visibly seem to socialised audiences into criminalising ‘Blackness’. Here, subsequent to a fatal assault, a tabloid caption read, â€Å"Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’† The Sun, (2007). The resulting public hysteria and outraged evoked was indicative of the extent to which placid readers had been socialised through minds and thoughts manipulation into passive and stereotypical consumers of bias media messages. Here, the media relegated the actual criminal act of murder into insignificance while readers were manipulated into using ‘blackness’ with implications of racism as primary criteria in their evaluation of the crime. Similarly, the Telegraph headline of December 14th 1985; â€Å"Black Brixton Looters jailed† Trowler, (2001, p. 10) is typical of mass media attitude manipulation so that ‘blackness’ is perceived as synonymous with criminality. Furthermore, the newspapers and television’s preoccupation with technical efficiency at the expense of empathetic concern have socialised audience into making stars of criminals while crime victims are either negated or re-victimised. Kirsta, (1988, p. 105). For example, the social wor ker was isolated and vilified in the Victoria Climbe trails, thanks to media-audience manipulation. The media’s influence here was to manipulate the audience to scapegoat the less credential social worker as opposed to the learned consultant. As in most criminal investigations, the media became the reporter, prosecutor, judge and executioner while the audience passively consented to the media propaganda. Society’s stereotypical perception of social workers â€Å"as indecisive wimps who fail to protect children from death, or as authoritarian bullies who unjustifiably snatch children from their parent† Banks, (2001, p. 17) persist today thanks to media influence. Ultimately, until a herculean revolution is affected to change the way mass media messages are encoded and disseminated, attitudes to crime will always reciprocate and satisfy the mass media’s mind manipulation and socialisation processes. Appraisal While conservatives of the Mary Whitehouse school vilify the mass media for encouraging and â€Å"desensitizing the audience to crime and violence and other forms of deviance†, Trowler, (2001, p. 112), advocates uphold them not only as the primary means of informing the public but argue that audiences â€Å"are complicated filter mechanism that are selective in their interpretation and pplication of mass media messages. Fiske, (1986). Similarly, while this argument may provide plausible reasons to argue that the selective consumption of media messages serves to mitigate the alleged domineering influence of the mass media on public crime attitudes, Robert Allen (1994, p. 6) stressed that â€Å"despite the seemingly self-evi dent manner in which we are able to make sense of television, that ability is in fact a result of our having learned the convention of television reading. Furthermore, although Robert Allen, (1994, p. 14) says â€Å"early mass communication scholars were impressed by broadcasting’s direct, immediate and drastic effects on behaviours and attitudes†,(p. 14), in qualifying his statement, he emphasised that â€Å"the media did not tell people what to think so much as they told people what to think about. † (p. 14). Crime-wise, the debate would then be whether the mass media implicitly drives some people into committing crime or does it rather set the agenda for public discourse on crime? If as a result of the latter, mass media audiences are instigated to undertake dialogue as a result thereof, then, this must be indicative of attitudes that are the result of mass media sensitisation about crime, or counter response to media crime representations. Whatever the case, a comprehensive appraisal of the power of the mass media on crime attitude is inherently problematic since this â€Å"is an under-research phenomenon† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 118) which â€Å"operates by conventions rather than by hard-and-fast rules. † Allen, (1994, p. 49). Moreover, McQuail, (1994, p. 27) noted that â€Å"there is little agreement on the nature and extent of these assumed effects. † Nonetheless, while it is generally presumed that the mass media influence audience’s attitudes to crime and â€Å"that television cultivates people’s beliefs† Gerbner and Larry (1976), counter argument asserts that â€Å"an individual’s attitude o r predisposition can modify or sometimes completely distort the meaning of a given mass media message† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 127). Furthermore, from an entertainment or escapist perspective, it is argued that television â€Å"is not supposed to be taken seriously. Allen, (1994, p. 4). The issue here is the proportion of mass media audience that are objective enough to discern facts from fiction. Nevertheless, the reality with mass media dependency as our primary source of information or entertainment is that, our attitudes to crime will always mirror some of the shortcomings of the media’s encoding and dissemination processes. Bearing in mind the fact that being a capitalist society where profit-making supersedes ethical and moral values, the various attitudes to crime are factors of vested interest as well as one’s social class within the prevailing economic structure. Research-wise the media’s quest to galvanise readership by stressing the scale rather than the true extent of crime â€Å"is neither ethically acceptable nor logical. † Ennew, (1996, p. 12). Conclusion. In the contemporary techno-globalised world where audiences are not only mass media-dependent for information, Banks, (2001); Trowler, (2001), but are incessantly bombarded with crime minutiae, there is consensus that our attitudes to crime will reciprocate these realities. Banks, (2001); Brand and Price, (2000). However, the extent to which these attitudes are a consequence of media socialisation and manipulation is dependent on a myriad of inter-related variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b); There is also consensus that the public’s habitual moral panic and knee-jerk attitudes of indignation, detestation, and sometimes mass hysteria to emotive crime-reporting are usually instigated by sensational reporting â€Å"to increase readership rather than transmit facts. Kirsta, (1988). Nonetheless some critics argue that â€Å"the mass media, rather than changing attitudes, serves to confirm those attitudes already held by audience. † Trowler, (2001, p. 64). Furthermore, the apparent media’s influence on crime attitude is mitigated on the assumption that majority of the public are rationally selective in their consumption of media messages. Fiske, (1986). Holistically, â€Å"the lack of systematic researches into the exact impact of the mass media on our attitudes to crime†, Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 18), is colluding with other factors to render it necessary to question the reliability and validity of prevailing opinions. Allen, (1994). Thus, until the relevant mechanism is established to address this deficiency, related analysis will forever be shrouded in relativities? Bibliography Allen, R. (1994) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: television and contemporary criticism 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Banks, S. (2001) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. Boyd-Barrett, O. and Newbold, C. (2001) Approaches to Media: A Reader. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing. Brand, S. and Price, R. (2000) The Economic and Social Cost of Crime. London: Home Office Research Study. 217. Buckingham, D. (1993b) Reading Audiences: Young People and the Media. Manchester: UP Ennew et al, (1996) Children and Prostitution: How Can we Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. New York: UNICEF. Fiske, J. (1986) Television: polysemy and popularity, Critical Studies in Mass Communication. Vol, 3. Ford, M. (1994). Sight and Sound. London: BFI. Gerbner, G. And Larry, G. (1976) Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2. Gillespie, M. (1995) Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. London: Routledge. Grays, A. (1992) Video Playtime. London: Routledge. Gunter, B. (1997) Children and the fear of crime. London: Libbey. Gunter, B. (11995) Television and Gender: Representation. London: John Libbey. Katz, E. (1979) On Conceptualising Media Effects. Leuven: Catholic University. Kirsta, A. (1988) Victims: Surviving the aftermath of violent crime. London: Hutchison Ltd. Klapper, J. T (1960) The Effect of Mass Communication. New York: Free Press. Lazarsfeld, P. F. Et al. (1948) The People’s Choice. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Marcuse, H. (1972) The One Dimensional Man. London: Abacus. McQuail, D. (1994) Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, 3rd edn. London: Sage. Pearsall, J. (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Sun, (2007). Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’ London: The Sun Newspaper. Trowler, P. (1998) Investigating Mass Media. London: Collins Educational.

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The Diary of Anne Frank Journeying back to the early nineteenth century, when Nazi forces occupied Germany during World War II, the lives of those living in this territory was spent in constant fear and anxiety. The Diary of Anne Frank leads readers through the harsh times of a family trying to escape imprisonment in concentration camps by Nazi soldiers, where death was almost certain. Born on June 12, 1929, Anne Frank was a German-Jewish teenager who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust. She and her family, along with four others, spent 25 months during World War II in an annex of rooms above her father's office in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. During the two years in hiding which Anne refers to as a time when the ideals are being shattered and destroyed, when the worst side of human nature predominates, when every one has come to doubt truth, justice and God (pg.327). Anne kept a diary that was given to her by her father, Otto Frank, on her birthday. Between June 1942 and August 1944, from Anne's thirteenth birthday until shortly after her fifteenth birthday, Anne recorded her feelings, her emotions, and her thoughts, as well as the events that happened to her. ...[I]deas, dreams, and cherished hopes rise within us only to meet the horrible truth and be shattered...yet in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart (pg. 327). The diary is an accurate record of the way Anne grows up and matures, in the unfortunate situation she found herself. Given the circumstances in which the novel is written Anne gave a very vivid description of her surroundings and the feelings she encountered throughout her ordeal. The novel displays the grief and frustration that is experienced throughout the time spent in hiding. The emotions of the situation are captured in the text and gives validity to the pain and frustration encountered. Despite the amusing and enlightening side of the diary, that documents the process of her adolescence, it also provides a vividly terrifying description of what it was like to be Jewish hiding during the time the Nazis sought to kill all the Jews in Europe. After two years of living in the secret annex, behind a bookcase, and having to be extremely quite during the day so that the workers in the office and warehouse below could not hear them the family was captured. The betrayal of Anne and her family to the Nazis and their placement under arrest lead to their deportation to concentration camps. In an entry on August 1, 1944, Anne confides to her diary an analysis of her situation. She concludes that her behavior has been a front during her years in hiding to help her cope with the people surrounding her. Nine months after her arrest, Anne wrote that ...if only there were no other people in the world (pg.331). The writings give Anne's thought wishful pretense that if no one else were in the world, that the pain and suffering would end. Anne gives readers a sense of truth and honesty about her situation that allows the reader to experience her life as a stubborn, touchingly vulnerable teenager who one minute is in love with the world and the next detached. This book is an extraordinary piece of work written by a young woman finding her way in captivity. Anne was an immensely gifted writer and a person of great sensitivity. She shows her depth through emotions as well as by absolving the feeling of others and communicating them through writing. Anne's true personality is brought to life on every page and allows the reader to feel as though they actually know her. Whether enthralled in the heights of ecstasy over her budding fascination with Peter Van Dann, another teen hiding in the annex, or drowning in the depths of despair over her life in hiding, Anne would always confide her private thoughts and interest in her diary. Anne's vivid writing allows the reader to experience second hand what it was like to be a teenage Jewish girl confined to an inside world with little resources except necessities to survive. The detail in which her story is told gives light to the talents and emotions a young mind experienced as she deals with traumatic situations. For its insights into the life of a German-Jewish child living in Germany during Nazi occupation, The Diary of Anne Franks, offers a vivid, realistic view of how a family tries to

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The sensible cooling load is equal to the sum of the convective heat transfer from the surfaces of the building envelope, furnishings, occupants, appliances, and equipment. 4. Space heat extraction rate Qex, Btu /h (W), is the rate at which heat is actually removed from the conditioned space by the air system. The sensible heat extraction rate is equal to the sensible cooling load only when the space air temperature remains constant. 5. Coil load Qc, Btu /h (W), is the rate of heat transfer at the coil. The cooling coil load Qcc, Btu/h (W), is the rate at which heat is removed by the chilled water flowing through the coil or is absorbed by the refrigerant inside the coil. Cooling load usually can be classified into two categories: external and internal. External Cooling Loads[1] These loads are formed because of heat gains in the conditioned space from external sources through the building envelope or building shell and the partition walls. Sources of external loads include the following cooling loads: 1. Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs 2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations 3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenestrations 4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors 5. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space Internal Cooling Loads[1] These loads are formed by the release of sensible and latent heat from the heat sources inside the conditioned space. These sources contribute internal cooling loads: 1. People 2. Electric lights 3. Equipment and appliances For [1-1] [1] see the section of references CHAPTER 2 COOLING LOAD CALCULATION PROCEDURE [2]The estimation of cooling load for a space involves calculating a surface by surface conductive, convective, and radiative heat balance for each room surface and a convective heat balance for the room air. Based on the same underlying principles, the following methods have been developed for calculating the cooling load. Cooling Load by Transfer Function Method (TFM). Total Equivalent Temperature Difference (TETD) method. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method. Transfer Function Method (TFM)[1] The transfer function method or weighting factor method is a simplification of the laborious heat balance method. The wide application of the TFM is due to the user-friendliness of the inputs and outputs of the TFM software and the saving of computing time. In the transfer function method, interior surface temperatures and the space cooling load were first calculated by the exact heat balance method for many representative constructions. The transfer function coefficients (weighting factors) were then calculated which convert the heat gains to cooling loads. Sometimes, transfer function coefficients were also developed through test and experiments. Calculation Procedure The calculation of space cooling load using the transfer function method consists of two steps. First, heat gains or heat loss from exterior walls, roofs, and floors is calculated using response factors or conduction transfer function coefficients; and the solar and internal heat gains are calculated directly for the scheduled hour. Second, room transfer function coefficients or room weighting factors are used to convert the heat gains to cooling loads, or the heat losses to heating loads. As described in Sec. 6.2, the sensible infiltration heat gain is the instantaneous sensible cooling load. All latent heat gains are instantaneous latent cooling loads. The TFM is limited because the cooling loads thus calculated depend on the value of transfer function coefficients as well as the characteristics of the space and how they are varied from those used to generate the transfer function coefficients. In addition, TFM assumed that the total cooling load can be calculated by simply adding the individual components-the superposition principle. However, this assumption can cause some errors. Total Equivalent Temperature Difference (TETD) Method[1] In the total equivalent temperature difference (TETD)/time-averaging (TA) method, heat gains of a number of representative exterior wall and roof assemblies are calculated. The internal heat gains and conductive heat gain are calculated in the same manner as in the TFM. The radiant fraction of each of the sensible heat gains is then allocated to a period including the current and successive hours, a total of 1 to 3 h for light construction and 6 to 8 h for heavy construction. The TETD/ TA method is also a member of the TFM family and is developed primarily for manual calculation. TETD/TA is simpler in the conversion of heat gains to cooling loads. However, the time-averaging calculation procedure is subjective-it is more an art than a rigorous scientific method. Also the TETD/TA method inherits the limitations that a TFM possesses if the TFM is used to calculate the TETD. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) Method [2] CLTD is the method we used to calculate the cooling load of the project we were assigned. The CLTD method accounts for the thermal response in the heat transfer through the wall or roof, as well as the response due to radiation of part of the energy from the interior surface of the wall to objects and surfaces within the space. The CLTD method makes use of (a) the temperature difference in the case of walls and the roofs and (b) the cooling load factors (CLF) in the case of solar heat gain through windows and internal heat sources, i.e , Q = U x A x CLTDC Where Q is the net room conduction heat gain through roof, wall or glass (W) A is the area of the roof , wall or glass (m2) U is the overall heat transfer co efficient (kW/m2.K) CLTDC is the cooling load temperature difference (oC) For [1] [2] see the section of references CHAPTER 3 CALCULATING COOLING LOADS USING CLTD Outdoor Design Conditions[2] ASHRAE Table A 2, F1980, provides the outdoor design conditions for various locations in many countries including India, Malaysia and Singapore. The summer design column lists hourly temperature which is exceeded by 1%, 2.5 % and 5% of all the hours in the year. Selection of Indoor Conditions[2] In private homes, the indoor conditions may be chosen by the owner. But in public premisis, various codes and regulations and ordinances dictate the limits of the specific indoor design conditions. For some critical occupancy, such as, hospitals, nursing homes, computer rooms, clean rooms, etc. specific indoor design conditions will usually be established by the regulating authorities or the owners. Transmission gains[2] Heat transfer through the different components of the building envelop occurs primarily the process of conduction and convection and is generally referred to as transmission load. Transmission heat transfer is given by the following equation: Q = = (U) (A) (TD) Where, Q is the heat transfer rate (W) Rt is the sum of the individual thermal resistances (m2.oC/W) A is the surface area perpendicular to heat flux (m2) TD is the design temperature difference between indoors and outdoors U = 1/Rt is the overall heat transfer co efficient (W/m2.oC) With, Rt = R1 + R2 +  ¼ + Rm for resistance in series. The values of thermal resistances are provided for specific thickness for typical building materials usually designated by U. For materials that vary in thickness according to the application, specific conductivity k is listed in terms of unit thickness. The relation between the two is R = Where k is the coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m.K) L is the length of the conduction path (m). CLTD/CLF calculation[2] To account for the temperature and the solar variations, the concept of cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) is introduced. The CLTD is a steady state representation of the complex heat transfer involving actual temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, mass and solar radiation by the building materials, and the time of day. The following relation makes corrections in the CLTDs for walls and roofs for deviations in design and solar conditions are as follows: CLTDc = [(CLTD + LM)k + (25.5 Tr) + (To 29.4)] f Where CLTDc is the corrected value of CLTD. LM is the colour adjustment for light coloured roof. Tr is the design room temeperature To is average outdoor temperature, computed as the design temperature less half the daily range. f is attic fan factor Solar heat gain[2] When solar rays impinge on a glass surface, some of the radiation is reflected back outside before penetrating the glass. Of that radiation which is not reflected, some is transmitted through the glass and some is absorbed by the glass. The remaining radiation is refracted slightly and goes on to heat the contents of the room. If there is external shading, such as with blinds or drapes or shades, a portion of t radiation entering the room is confined to the area immediately adjacent to the window and has a diminished effect on the conditioning of the room. All of these effects are accounted for to some degree by the following relation for calculation of cooling loads due to solar radiation: QSHG = A(SC)(SHGF)(CLF) Where QSHG is the solar radiation cooling load (W) A is the open glass area (m2) SC is the shading co efficient for various types of glasses and shadings SHGF is the maximum solar heat gain factor for specific orientation of surface, latitude and month (W/m2) CLF is the cooling load factor, dimensionless. Internal Loads[2] Lighting is often is the major space cooling load component. The rate of heat gain at any instant, however, is not the same as the heat equivalent of power supplied instantaneously to these lights. Only part of the energy from lights is transferred to the room air by convection, and thus becomes the cooling load. The remaining portion is the radiant heat that affects the conditioned space only after having been absorbed by walls, floor, furniture, upholstery, etc. and released after a time lag. The cooling load imposed by these sources is given by Q appliances= P(CLF) Where Q appliances is the cooling load due to equipment of appliances (W) P is the input operating power rating of the appliance or equipment (W) CLF is the cooling load factor (dimensionless) depending on operating hours, room construction, and air circulation. Occupancy[2] The people who occupy the building give off thermal energy continuously, the rate of which depend on the level and type of activity in which they are engaged. For the sensible portion of the heat released, a cooling load factor similar the one applied to lights and appliances has been developed to account for the lag in time between occupancy and the observed cooling load. The sensible cooling load due to people is therefore, QS = (N)(GS)(CLFS) Where QS is the sensible cooling load due to occupants (W) N is the number of occupants GS is the sensible heat gain depending on activity and time for entry (W) CLFS is the cooling load factor (dimensionless) for people. The latent heat gain from occupants is found by Ql = (N)(Gl) Where Ql is the latent heat gain N is the number of occupants Gl is the latent heat gains from occupants depending on activity and time from entry Ventilation/Infiltration[2] Heat gain from ventilation and infiltration needs to be considered in the cooling load calculations. General Design Guidelines[2] The general procedure required to calculate the space cooling load is as follows: Building configuration an characteristics: Determine the building location, orientation and external shading, building materials, external surface colour and shape. These details are usually obtained from building plans and specifications. Outdoor design conditions: Obtain the outdoor weather data for the building location and select the outdoor design conditions. Indoor design conditions: Specify temperature, humidity, air velocity, etc. Operating schedules: obtain a schedule of lighting, occupancy, internal equipment, appliances and processes generating heat load. Date and time: Select the time of the day and month to estimate the cooling load. Several different times of the day and several different months need to be analyzed to determine the peak load time. The particular day and month are often dictated by peak solar conditions. For [2] see the section of references CHAPTER 4 DATA FOR THE MAIN MOSQUE Mosque 1st Floor Figure 4.1 First floor Figure 4.2 Window type 1 (WT1) Figure 4.3 Window type 2 (WT2) Figure 4.4 Doors 1 (D1) 4.2 Mosque Ground Floor Figure 4.5 Ground floor Figure 4.6 Window Type 3 (WT3) Figure 4.7 Window Type 4 (WT4) Figure 4.8 Door 2 (D2) General Information Latitude 32ËÅ ¡, Longitude 72ËÅ ¡ [7] Main Mosque, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Walls 33cm brick, 1.5 cm cement on both sides Roof 15 cm concrete Construction Cream color paint on both sides Glass 0.5cm black shaded Lighting 1 76 tubes each 18W, 8hrs per day Lighting 2 4 tubes each 40W, 8hrs per day Occupancy 300 people moderately active Ceiling fan 18 ceiling fans each 75 W, 8hrs per day Bracket fan 9 bracket fans, each 40W, operating 8hrs per day Ventilation 7.5 x 300 = 2200 liters/sec Note: Suspended ceiling was broken therefore; we considered it as the refrigerating space. U Value Calculation Roof Components L/k m/(W/m.K) R W/m2.K Reference Table Table title Outside air 0.044 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Concrete 10cm 0.15/0.51 0.294 [3] Inner air 0.160 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Total 0.498 U = 1/R = 1/0.498 = 2.01 Wall Component L/k m/(W/m.K) R W/m2.K Reference Table Table title Outer air 0.044 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Brick 0.33/0.32 1.0315 Table A7 Typical thermal properties of common building and insulating materials Cement 20.015/0.72 0.0417 Table A7 Typical thermal properties of common building and insulating materials Inside air film 0.120 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Total 1.237 U = 1/R = 1/1.237 = 0.808 For [3] see references Glass Component L/k m/(W/m.K) R W/m2.K Reference Table Table title Glass material 0.005/0.05 0.1 Table A7 Typical thermal properties of common building and insulating materials Outer air 0.044 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Inner air 0.12 Table A6 Surface conductance (W/m2.oC) and resistance (m2.oC/W) for air Total 0.264 U =1/R = 1/0.264 = 3.79 Description of appliances Items Ground floor (Qty) First Floor (Qty) Ceiling fans 12 6 Tube lights 76 (small) 4 (large) Wall fan 9 Area Calculations Eastern Wall Areas Wall area 108.11514 m2 Door area 26.3 m2 Windows area 12.76 m2 Actual wall area 69.055 m2 Actual glass area 30.4 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.2 Western Wall Areas Wall area 88.4816 m2 Windows area 6.583 m2 Actual wall area 81.899 m2 Actual glass 6.003 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.3 Northern Wall Areas Wall area 52.45 m2 Windows area 12.61 m2 Actual wall area 39.84 m2 Actual glass area 11.62 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.4 Southern Wall Areas Wall area 52.45 m2 Windows area 6.58 m2 Door area 1.86 m2 Actual wall area 44.01 m2 Actual glass area 7.58 m2 Note: The area for aluminum in the windows is not accounted for. 4.6.5 Roof Areas Total roof area m2 4.7 CLTD Correction Calculation To = 47 16/2 = 39 To is the average outside temperature on design day equal to our design temperature minus half of daily temperature range. Exposure CLTD LM[4] K[5] 25.5 Tr To 29.4 F[6] CLTDc North 7 0.5 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 13.35 East 15 0 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 17.1 South 11 -2.2 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 14 West 11 0 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 15.1 Roof 36 1.1 0.5 25.5 25.5 39 29.4 1 27.05 For [4], [5] [6] see references. CHAPTER 5 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR THE MAIN MOSQUE Building Main mosque Location EME College, RWP Month June Day 22 Time 0200hrs Psychrometric analysis Item Tdb Twb RH Enthalpy (h) Sp. Humidity (w) Outside 47 41 70% 183.87 0.0528 Inside 25.5 17.82 50% 57.35 0.012 Difference 21.5 23.18 20% 126.52 0.041 Daily range = 16 Transmission Load Item Description Area(m2) U factor CLTDc (oC) Qtransmission(W) Walls North 39.84 0.808 13.35 429.75 South 44.01 0.808 14 497.8 East 69.005 0.808 17.1 953.4 West 81.899 0.808 15.1 999.2 Roof 194.15 2.01 27.05 10556.03 Glass North 11.62 3.79 20.1 885.2 South 7.58 3.79 20.1 577.44 East 30.4 3.79 20.1 2315.84 West 6.008 3.79 20.1 457.3 Total transmission cooling load (W) 17671.89 Solar Radiation Description Area(m2) SC SHGF CLF QSHG North 0 South 7.58 0.94 189 0.36 484.8 East 0 West 6.003 0.94 695 0.55 2228.6 Total solar radiation gain cooling (W) 2713.4 Internal loads Item Input (W) CLF Qappliance Lights 1528 0.08 122.2 Appliances 1710 1 1710 Total internal gain cooling (W) 1832.24 Occupancy Number SHG/LHG CLF Ql Qs Sensible 300 75 0.49 11025 Latent 300 55 1 16500 Total Occupancy gains, Qoccupancy (W) 27525 Ventilation/Infiltration m3/s CFM ΆT/Άw Ql Qs Sensible 2.2 1.23 ΆT=21.5 58.18 Latent 2.2 3010 Άw=.041 7180 Total Infiltration / Ventilation load (W) 7238.2 Grand total cooling loads Ql Qs Total latent load (W) 23680 Total sensible load (W) 33300.61 Total load (kW) 56.98 Tons of refrigeration 16.3 CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Results Following the CLTD method we calculated cooling load to be 16.3 Tons. In which main contribution was from people present in the mosque (almost half the contribution) and heat conduction through walls and windows glass. The contribution from each mode is shown in fig 6.1. Fig 6.1 Contribution from each mode of heat transfer in cooling load Recommendations Use 6 ACs each of 2.5 Ton and one of 1.5 ton, we will need all the ACs switched ON during Jumma prayers only. On normal days we will switch ON 3 or 4 ACs depending on the number of occupants. As the number of occupants decreases the required cooling load also decreases. For different values of occupants required cooling load has been calculated and shown in the fig 6.2. Fig 6.2 Relation between number of occupants and cooling load Normally 30 people are present in the mosque at prayer times so we need only 9.2 tons of refrigeration. We will switch ON three ACs of 2.5 tons and one of 1.5 tons We can minimize the Cooling load by Increasing the glass thickness By using opaque sheets on the outer side of the windows and doors By using reflecting and insulating material on the roof, reflective material will reduce solar radiation and insulating material will minimize conduction Growing trees on southern side

Charitable Works of Muhammad Ali :: Biography

Muhammad Ali is important in many ways. First, his boxing career success inspired many people to follow their dreams to attain greatness. Second, Muhammad Ali and Peter Arnell founded G.O.A.T. (Greatest of All Time) (Our). G.O.A.T. is a food and beverage company that seeks to inspire young adults to eat smarter, to live healthier lives, and to rise above their current status. G.O.A.T. products are expected to come out early next year. Third, Muhammad Ali has raised over fifty million dollars for charities throughout the world. Finally, although Ali retired from the sport in 1981, he showed his love for it by inspiring the Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act. This act promotes fairness in boxing. I have learned many new things about Muhammad Ali. Previously, I thought he was the greatest boxer of all time, however after my researching, I think he is one of the greatest persons of all time. I never would have guessed that by the time he was 19 years old he had already won six Kentucky Golden Gloves, two National Golden Gloves, two National AAU Titles, and an Olympic gold medal (Howard). I never knew that Ali refused to join the army because of his religion. Because of this, his boxing license was cancelled. He was stripped of his title, and was sentenced to five years in prison for draft evasion. The Supreme Court, however, reversed the draft evasion conviction on June 29, 1971, and Ali continued his boxing career. I did not know that Muhammad Ali was honored as a United Nations messenger of peace and went to Iraq in 1990 to negotiate and successfully get fifteen United States hostages released. Ali also received the Medal of Freedom last November. Ali's impact on today's society is enormous because of his success in everything he does. You can visit the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville, Kentucky, and learn about Ali the poet, Ali the boxer, and Ali the dreamer (Visitor). The Muhammad Ali Center also offers an exhibit where you can learn about Ali's life. The Muhammad Ali Center is a non-profit organization and donations support the vision, preserve the legacy, and promote a global community. Ali has inspired many people through his boxing and through his peace work. He is a role model in whom one can find humor, equality, and good character.

Machende

c)Is there evidence for market failures or government failures in the provision of public services, merit goods and control of demerit goods in Sub-Saharan Africa? Discuss (30 marks) Market failure is a circumstance in which private markets do not bring about the allocation of resources that best satisfies society’s wants. Government failures are inefficiencies of the public sector. Public goods are goods that would not be provided in the free market system, because firms would not be adequately charge for them.Merit goods are goods that are deemed as necessary for consumption by the state and if left to the private sector only, such goods would be under-consumed . Demerit goods are goods and services whose consumption is considered unhealthy, degrading or otherwise socially undesirable due to the perceived negative effects on the consumers. Such goods are deemed as unnecessary for consumption by the state. Most of the countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa like Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa are operating under a mixed economy. A free-market on its own can’t best allocate resources in a best way that satisfies the society.Market failures would arise as the invisible hand on its own can’t provide adequately for the society. S d1 Qp a c d2 Costs and benefits Output External benefit Welfare loss because merit goods tend to be under consumed by the free market b Qs 0 Merit goods provide externalities but if left wholly to the private sector, it is likely that merit goods will be under consumed. In most Sub-Saharan African countries such as Zimbabwe, Namibia and Zambia, the private sector provides education at high costs which results in the under-consumption of the good.Most Governments often provide merit goods for free but when considering Sub-Saharan African countries, this has not been in practice, for instance, public schools in Burkina Faso have since been experiencing high charges of fees. This often results in welfare loss as illustrat ed by the diagram below: Welfare loss caused by under-consumption of merit goods As shown by the diagram above, under-consumption of merit goods in Sub-Sahara Africa results in the loss of welfare of ABC. Moreover, merit goods are often provided by the state, thus, to increase consumption of merit goods, the state has to increase spending on such goods.This has been practically impossible for most Sub-Saharan African countries as they have no incentive for spending on merit goods. For instance, countries such as Somalia, Burundi and Uganda. In most Sub-Saharan African countries the invisible hand and the state have since failed to control the consumption of demerit goods. The consumption of demerit goodscan lead to negative externalities which causes a fall in social welfare. The free-market often fails to control the consumption of demerit goods as it may fail to take into account the negative externalities of consumption (social cost exceeds private cost).This may be due to imperf ect information as information is a commodity that costs to obtain. For example, methods of conveying information to customers is rather poor in Africa than in European countries. Furthermore, Governments may fail to control consumption of demerit goods due to a number of reasons. For example, the government may decide to intervene in the market for the regulation of demerit goods and impose taxes on producers or consumers. This often raises prices and may produce detrimental effects to the economy like inflation in the long-run.This may restrict government from taking such decisions . In South Africa, there has been a proposal for the ban of advertisement of alcohol but it has been a failure since many alcohol producing companies have been responsible for sponsoring most sporting activities. Costs and benefits Social cost External costs {negative externalities} Private costs Limited information full information D2 D1 0 Failure to regulate consumption of demerit goods results in wel fare loss. This is illustrated below: Output Q1 Q2 Q3 Welfare loss due to unregulated consumption of demeritsAs shown above, the social optimal level of consumption would be q3, an output that takes into account the information failure of consumers and also negative externalities. There are also some government failures in Sub-Saharan Africa. Governments are awarding subsidies to firms but this may protect inefficient firms from competition and create barriers to entry for new firms because prices are kept artificially low. Subsidies and other forms of assistance by the governments cause moral hazard. Most Sub-Saharan African countries are subsidizing firms that produce fertilizer as a way of achieving long term food securities.This causes barriers to new firms which might want to produce fertilizers, as they can’t withstand the competition due to low production costs enjoyed by the existing firms. More so, there is evidence of government failure caused by rent seeking. Most Governments in the Sub-Saharan countries are in charge of controlling natural resources. This causes barriers to entry in industries that require the use of natural resources like minerals. The government will now be a monopoly in that industry and it may fail to allocate resources in the most socially desirable manner.Most Sub-Saharan countries are still developing they are bureaucratic which is very slow in decision making. This causes most governments to be inefficient as it takes time for firms and institutions to be given the permission to produce goods and services. Such goods and services might be merit or public goods and services. For example, the decision to allow Econet in Zimbabwe was slow meaning that it would rather take long for Zimbabwean citizens to enjoy the telecommunication services to be offered by Econet.In Zimbabwe there is unfair distribution of some merit goods like education, for instance, universities or tertiary education institutions. In Manicaland there are no state universities as compared to other regions such as Mashonaland, Masvingo, Midlands and Matebeleland. Examples of such universities in the favoured regions include University of Zimbabwe, Midlands States University and others. When it comes to the government provision of public services in countries like Zimbabwe, there is an unequal distribution of such services.For instance, politicians may use funds which should be assigned to produce public services to campaign. Therefore they may increase spending on public goods and services in some regions at the expense of other regions in a bid to gain political millage in such regions. However, the governments of Sub-Saharan African countries have not completely failed to provide public services, merit goods and control of demerit but have intervened in correcting market failures. Some Sub-Saharan African countries have been successful in banning the consumption and importation of cocaine which is a harmful drug.They are also c ontrolling the consumption of other drugs like marijuana . Some governments have also been improving on the provision of public services such as road networks. For instance, roads in South Africa are better off. South Africa and Nigeria have also been subsidizing the production of merit goods like education. To solve failures such as under-consumption of merit goods such as education, the Governments of Sub-Saharan African countries can increase expenditure or spending on such services. For example, the construction of more educational institutions.In Zimbabwe, there is a current project that is running the construction of a university in Manicaland (to be named Manicaland State University). The same can also to public service expenditure by the Governments of these countries. Zimbabwe is currently undergoing the construction of a dual carriage way from Mutare to Harare. This reflects an increase in expenditure on public services. Therefore, in conclusion, there is evidence of marke t failure as reflected by Government intervention. However, the governments of Sub-Saharan African countries may also fail as discussed above.