The Leveled Sentences By Eugene Sentences - 962 Words

Leveled Sentences In the leveled sentence survey, Eugene must read leveled sentences. There are two different types of leveled sentences that he must read: narrative and expository sentences. Through the administration of this test, Eugene s reading level is found out and a passage is selected for him to read. There nine levels of sentences and the test administration must start the test off by making Eugene read at the number level below his grade level, three. If Eugene can read the leveled sentences without making two mistakes during reading. If he does make more than two mistakes, Eugene must read the sentences at the next lowest level. If he does not make more than two mistakes, he can read the sentences at the next highest level. The test administrator must identify the level at which Eugene can read without make two or more mistakes. The level for which Eugene can read the narrative sentences is at 3, and the level for which he can read expository sentences is at 2. Narrative Passage Since Eugene tested on a level 3 with his narrative sentences, he read a level 3 passage called The Big Bad Wolf which contained 235 words. With this assessment, Eugene must silently read the text and then retell the story to the test administrator. The test administrator has a series of comprehension questions about the test that contain the answers to them. These are questions that While Eugene is retelling the story, the administrator must mark each question thatShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pages61, was a passionate, driven man, a veteran of the cola wars, but his was a checkered past. A Coca-Cola bottler in Virginia, he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of price fixing and received a $100,000 fine and a suspended prison sentence. He then bought Pepsi’s small Puerto Rican franchise in 1987. Then, in 1989, Beach acquired the exclusive Pepsi franchise for Buenos Aires, Argentina—one of the most important bottling franchises outside the United States. By discounting and launchingRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbook before you is better because of the insight they provided. We’d like to recognize reviewers of this edition: Norman Foy, Mercy College; Cathy Daly, Cal State Sacramento; Barbara Blissert, Mills College; Teresa Palmer, Illinois State University; Eugene Garaventa, College of Staten Island; Carolyn Waits, Cincinnati State University; Joyce Guillory, Austin Community College; Diane Regal, Sullivan County Community College; Robert Perkins, Mercer University; Carol A. Spector, University of North Florida;

Essay on Judith Butler and Postmodern Feminism - 2618 Words

Judith Butler and Postmodern Feminism What necessary tasks does Judith Butler identify for feminist criticism? How is her articulation of and response to these tasks characteristically postmodern? She has no identity except as a wife and mother. She does not know who she is herself. She waits all day for her husband to come home at night to make her feel alive. This sentiment lay buried, unspoken, for many years, in the minds of American women, until In 1960, the problem that has no name bust like a boil through the image of the happy American housewife. Betty Friedan coined the phrase `the problem that has no name during the second wave of feminism in the 1960s. By the time Judith Butler began articulating her views on†¦show more content†¦Juliet Mitchell concurs with Butlers view in her critique; Psycho-analysis and Feminism (1974), where she attempts to show that gender is constructed rather than biologically necessitated and sees importance be place upon identifying the precise developmental moments of that construction in the history of gendered subjects. This is similar to Butlers demand for a genealogical inquiry into gender construction. Butler draws on Jea n Paul Sartres essentialism; existence precedes essence, and Simone de Beauvoirs concept that One is not born, but rather becomes a woman. Judith Sargent Murray argues that when born we are tabula rasa; a blank slate, therefore concurs with the idea that one is not born a woman; our gender is constructed. Donna Haraway adopts Murrays concept later, suggesting we rid of our cultural baggage and accept our identitys as hybrid. In her feminist discourse Butler maintains this idea that a sense of `womanness is not prescribed at birth, but is in fact constructed by society through experience and life. Gender is not something you are but something you do; gender, sexuality and the self do not exist before they are performed in a social context. Butlers `Gender Trouble seeks to discover, however if there is some commonality among women...independent of their subordination by hegemonic, masculinist cultures? Butler questions if there are, perhaps certain natural elements that are speci ficallyShow MoreRelatedFeminism And The Postmodern Feminist Theory1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of feminist theory from a modern to a postmodern viewpoint stands to correct the injustices of historically liberal feminism. For some time, grand narratives have governed the ideas of self and gender from a single experience of â€Å"man†. Traditionally, modern feminism aimed to eradicate the hegemonic theory of inferiority by women to the male gender. Postmodern feminism aspires to eliminate categories of gender altogether, for the social construct of gender is considered to disregardRead MoreGender and Postmodern1508 Words   |  7 PagesModern â€Å"An argumentative essay on ‘Gender’ through comparison and contrast of the views of authorities who are postmodern practitioners† Introduction Defining postmodernism as well as gender is an extremely difficult task if not impossible. This essay is an argument on the two postmodernist’s concept on ‘Gender’. 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The fact that these disagreements occur within the realm of the intellectual undoubtedly puts a wry smile on the face of either party. While feminism and postmodernism share several characteristics, most notably the deconstruction of the masculinised western ideology, feminism chooses to place itself within the absolutism of the modernist movementRead MoreThe Inequality Of Gender Inequality2723 Words   |  11 Pages PIED2721 End of Semester Essay Student Number - 200823400 Word Count: Which types of feminism can best account for the persistence of gender inequality? Include discussion of at least two different types of feminism. Introduction It would be foolish to say that gender inequality is not a continuing problem in today’s society. However it is difficult to understand why this view is so persistent. This is due to the great variety of issues and the large number of competing and oftenRead MoreAn Analysis Of Haraway s Manifesto Manifesto Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagesby Cyborg Manifesto. From this productive dialogue this paper also hears echoes the oft-times contentious debates between Feminism and Poststructuralism/Postmodernism. The strains of it are captured in the contentions between feminist academics Seyla Benhabib and Judith Butler (Feminist Contentions 1994). For example, in advocating against a feminist embrace of Postmodern canons (i.e. – ‘Death of Man’, ‘Death of History’, ‘Death of Metaphysics’ [18-20]) that she claims would diffuse, drain andRead MoreThe Role Of Media And Communications Developed Over The Last Century?1803 Words   |  8 Pagesworld that has had major input in the development of technology and knowledge. However, there are theoretical aspects that have gone into the development of media and communications such Marxism, structuralism, cultural studies, subcultural theory, feminism and postmodernism. Louis Althusser (1970) wrote an essay called ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses’, in which he explains how the various parts of social formation- â€Å"the family, education, the mass media, cultural and political institutions†Read MoreSocial And Feminist International Relations Theory Essay1766 Words   |  8 Pagessocially constructed and in herently dynamic and non-binary. From the perspective of Feminist International Relations theory, and employing the concept of intersectionality and the works of post-modern feminist international relations theorists, Judith Butler, Ann Tickner, and Christine Sylvester will be used to support my argument from the approach of gender identity. 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Readers with a background in the humanities, feminist philosophies of science, postmodern feminist theories, or queer theories, however, are likely to see these goals as something else: complex, perhaps even misguided or naive. As psychologist Carolyn Wood Sherif (1979/1987, p. 51) wrote some thirty years ago, â€Å"If the issues of [gender]

Managerial Self Development for Cultural Aspects - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagerial Self Development for Cultural Aspects. Answer: Elements of Culture as Discussed in the Case Study Symbols Cultural aspects are dominant in the study that calibrates the effects of culture on the prevalence of business more so those that encroach foreign countries. The first element is symbols. Symbols are evident in the journey of Disney. When Disney was establishing its theme park in Hong Kong, it was influenced to be keen on the exterior and the interior architecture of the buildings(Du, 2016).The exterior and the interior designs were to symbolize the relatedness of humanity and the earth. Moreover, the buildings were also supposed to express the geographical landscape. Similarly, Disney had to embrace the red color in all of its color schemes in the theme park(Ku, 2016). The red color depicted prosperity and thus for the business to be sustain of its unforeseeable future, it had to be part of this culture that treasured and adored the red color. Symbols guided the strategic operations of the company. Symbolism was embraced in the bid to be part of this great culture that determined t he acceptability of the hospitality company. Language Simultaneously, language as also an element of culture in the prospects of Disney, the language of the host country was significant in the determination of the language policy that could form the official communication in the theme park(Campton, T., Hansen, C., Moed, S., Raffanello, J., Winkler, R. , 2014). In the case of the Paris Disney, the company was said to have unheeded the French as their national language. Disney had done this through the implementation of the strict English-only policy(Newell, 2013). In the contest of the Hong Kong Disney, the languages, three languages were paramount that is English, Mandarin, and Cantonese. It is thus of essence that the workers of the Hong Kong Disney were supposed to be conversant with the three languages. The use of the hosts country languages in the theme parks in the various countries was in the move to establish a connection between the culture of the parent company and the host company(Denzin, N. K. , 2015). The use of English was used as the blend between the languages of the two countries. The neglecting of the national language of the host country was an automatic instigation of a conflict. Norms and Beliefs Norms refer to the common way of performing activities by a particular group. In the case of the Disney, the company had to change its management style from its fundamental hierarchical management structure(Robbins, F., G Polite, M. , 2014). Also, Disney was pushed to reduce the number of employees so as to be able to ensure the effectiveness of the organization. The empowerment of the workers is crucial, and that is why Disney in Paris had to engage in a lot of training of its employees. Disney initially in Paris had placed a ban on the use of alcohol in the park. The norms of the company promoted the use of alcohol. The company thus had to uplift the embargo(Smither, R., Houston, J., McIntire, S. , 2016). The other norm that was in Paris was the low prices in the merchandise. It was thus essential for the company to lower the premiums that it had placed on its merchandise. The norms that were cultivated in Hong Kong were primarily based on the Feng Shui superstitions. The Feng Shui is important in the culture that an organization. The Feng Shui norms demanded the use of specific numerals that were characterized to be associated with good luck and wealth(Matusitz, J., Palermo, L. , 2014). Disney had to use some specific digits such as 2238 that was used in the decoration of lotuses. Also, the company had to exclude the use of green color in its theme park because depicted a negative attitude to the people who bought items of this color. Values Values for the Disney were imperative. It was crucial for Disney in Paris to change its way of operation due to the values that the French country had. Paris valued morality and freedom. When Disney was establishing it received a lot of opposition by Paris due to the America culture that they were displaying (Bohas, A. , 2015).The Paris people were pissed off by way of dressing of the Americans, and they believed that they had come to disrupts the cultural beliefs that they held so high. To add on, the French people also that the Americans were aiming at bringing imperialism into their country. Rituals Rituals were an integral part of the Chinese culture, and it was supposed to be inculcated in every aspect of life. It was relevant for Disney to ensure that it performed rituals after finishing the construction of each building. Other ceremonies included that of energy and the tapping of luck by incorporating corners in the building process. Disney Lessons in Paris Disney was in the best position of learning that the culture of the host country played a significant role in the performance of an institution. The company correctly learned that the culture of the people determined the expectation of the workers. For instance, the workers of Paris expected that the company was supposed to initiate training and development of their skills in hospitality(Jones, P., Jones, P., Hillier, D., Hillier, D., Comfort, D., Comfort, D., 2016). Similarly, the company learned that the attitudes of the people in the host country towards the company molded the image that it could be portrayed with. For instance, in this case, the company had a bad image due to the culture that it had brought and specifically the dressing code and the under grading of their national language(Karadjova-Stoev, G., Mujtaba, B. G. , 2016). The company also identified that the prices of the commodities determined the marketability of the merchandise. The high prices are unacceptable, and thus it had to reduce the premium. Disney learned that it could not attain performance by merely implementing the culture of their parent country in a foreign country that had its way of doing things(Kwantes, C. T., Glazer, S. , 2017).The culture of a host country affected all the major factors of the company from human resource, pricing, policies to the management of the company. Use of Analytical Tools in the Solving of Organizational problems Disney should look into its operations through the use of the most appropriate analytical tools. The analytical tools include the BCG matrix, SWOT analysis, bench making and the gap analysis. The BCG matrix will help in the identification of which areas need to be allocated more resources than others. For instance, the Disneys cash cows quadrant would be the attractive theme park that is rich with culture and magnificence. It can thus depend on this in acquiring of the stable income from the services provided to the locals and the visitors(Bock, A., Frank, U., Bergmann, A., Strecker, S. (, November). , 2016). The stars, in this case, would be the competent staff that makes the company have the competitive advantage in the hospitality industry. In the event of the stars, the company should emphasize in the training of its staff from time to time so that they are always conversant with the emerging contingency skills. Disney can also look into its dog's quadrant that can be the Americ an culture inculcated in the organization. The incorporation of the American culture into the operations of the company has limited benefits. Scarce resources should be allocated to the sector. The company should consider retrenching the unwanted American culture in the theme parks. The gap analysis technique would be useful in the comparison of the actual results of the company about the expected results of the enterprise(Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. , 2014). In the case of Paris, the company should compare the performance that was anticipated and the actual results. The variance needs to be corrected in the light of the objectives of the enterprise. The problems thus will be solved to close the gap that is between the performances. The bench making tool will aid in the comparison of the performance or the operation techniques of the company and that of the other businesses in the industry. The company can finance the interaction of the staff of the enterprise with staff from another hospitality company so as to necessitate the exchange of ideas(Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. , 2014).The ideas can be used in the prompting of performance to entice new customers and in developing new markets. The bench making will also aid in the company identifying how the other companies are dealing with problems such as dealing with the diverse cultures at the workplace or the integration of the activities of the company with the culture of the locals. The SWOT analysis will instigate the company to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats that are associated everyday activities of Disney. The identification of the companys strengths will help the company strategize on how to utilize them to capacity given the required(Fletcher, 2016).Working on its strengths will give the company a competitive edge in the market. For instance, if the appreciating the local culture and integrating it into the business will lead to a good reputation, then the company can direct more funds in the research and development department so as to get the best out of business. The company wills possible ways of dealing with the weaknesses that it has in the host country so as to create an efficient environment for its activities. The shortcomings in this scenario will be the incorporation of the diverse cultures into the firm. The company will thus employ more specialist experts that will guide the company in the embracing the various cultures at the workplace. The opportunities for the enterprise can be invested in the bid to reduce the problem that the firm is facing. For instance, the company has the opportunity of developing a broad market in Hong Kong(Mazalov, I., Richter, J., 2016). The market has the potential to grow, and thus the company can demand a significant market share so that it can earn profits in the long run and the short run. The other opportunity would be to develop other products and services in Paris and Hong Kong. The threats of the company majorly include incompatible cultures and the political stability of the company. The company to reduce the impact of the threats, it can engage in CSR activities that can promote peace in the host countries(Gray, 2013). The incompatible cultures can be captured through the embracing of training. Threats can only be reduced for most of the time they are stirred by the uncontrollable factors. Evaluation of the impact of the Disneys interpersonal and the cultural awareness skills on their performance and how the Chinese culture with its Hong Kong ventures. It was paramount for the company to have identified that it needed to incorporate the culture of the locals so as to prosper Hong Kong. It was helpful for the company also given the capable and rapidly developing economies. The interpersonal and the cultural awareness skills led to its competitive advantage. The company has the potential in the market through the creation of a positive image for its brand. Through the identification of the key aspects of the Chinese culture, the company was able to comply with the requirements of the locals and this the business increased its market share and has prospects for a bright future ahead. The organization constructed its building according to the beliefs of the Fend Shui. It utilized the culture of forming the interior and the exterior walls that depicted the landscape. The theme park was decorated in numerals that according to the Chinese culture instigated luck; for instance, the use of 2238. The company also did not avail green merchandise in its premises for it was associated with adultery of the wife of the person that wore it. The company theme color was red an indication of prosperity. It was clear that every theme that the theme park symbolized the rich culture of the Chinese. The building had to associate harmony and the earth. It can be certain that the beliefs of the Chinese about the use of their culture in the business breed success. The company identified this, and thus it did not want to take chances. It is also of essence that the company had learned its lessons from the hostility that it had to keep up with the previous countries that it had availed their hospitality services. The company cultivated the best skills in its policy making more so in its human resource department. The company was knowledgeable that the use of the native languages could reduce the chances of discrimination allegations from the employees. The company had learned from the Paris market that most of the employees perceived the English-only policy as a tool for discriminating the French workers in their country. Also, the company employed employees who could speak various languages. This was a technique to welcome all the visitors and the locals to the theme park. Most if not all the cultures were appreciated by Disney. The inculcation of the rich Chinese culture and the knowledge of grabbing the hospitality in Hong Kong through the practicing of the lessons learned and the seeking of information from experts from individuals that were knowledgeable about the Feng Shui. This has been a stepping stone to this market that will give the company nothing less than profits and popularity. Disney was aware of the values, beliefs, attitudes, rituals, norms, language that gave the hospitality company the face of an entirely Chinese customized hospitality industry. Interpersonal and the Cultural Issues would arise if Disney Chose Dubai for its next Theme Park Dubai as a country is significantly different from China. Thus it is essential to identify that the strategies that were employed in Hong Kong definitely will not be viable in this country that not only hosts the Emirates but over other citizens from over 150 countries. It is thus imperative to identify, unlike Hong Kong that majorly had the Chinese people. Embracing one culture will at not extent create a competitive advantage for Disney. The country majorly is dominated by Muslims, and thus there is need to incorporate them into the strategic planning of the theme park. For instance, there should be an excluded section in the food court that would be used by the non-Muslims during alcohol and pork consumption(Goby, V. P., Goby, V. P., Ali, H. M. A., Ali, H. M. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., ... Al Haddad, K. I. M. A., 2017). Muslims are barred from taking the two by their religion. Islam also calls for prayer sessions from time to time. It is thus paramount for Disney to include praying rooms that will allow the Muslims to pray comfortably while at they are at the theme park Again. It is the nature of the Arabs to shop, thus to take advantage of this; the company will have to consider having a one-stop shop that will contain a comprehensive product line for Arabs that treasure shopping in luxurious malls. Also, the presence of tourists in the population of Dubai creates the impression that the theme park should be an area that is attractive and enjoyable to visit. If the company takes this up then it is promised of a high flow of tourists in its premise (Alawadi, K., Dooling, S. , 2016).The opening time of the theme park should also be strategized, in this country, the temperatures during the day are scorching, and thus the company can open during the late hours when the temperatures are low. Alternatively, the company can install air conditioners or cooling water sprayers to regulate the temperatures. Bibliography Alawadi, K., Dooling, S. . (2016). Challenges and opportunities for participatory planning approaches within Dubais urban context. Journal of Urbanism: International Researchon Placemaking and Urban Sustainability , 9 (3), 276-301. Bock, A., Frank, U., Bergmann, A., Strecker, S. (, November). . (2016). Towards Support forStrategic Decision Processes Using Enterprise Models: A Critical Reconstruction of Strategy Analysis Tools. In IFIP Working Conference on The Practice of Enterprise Modelling. Springer International Publishing. Bohas, A. . (2015). Transnational Firms and the Knowledge Structure: The Case of the Walt Disney Company. Global Society , 29 (1), 23-41. Campton, T., Hansen, C., Moed, S., Raffanello, J., Winkler, R. . (2014). Euro Disneyland Instructor: Sarah Lefebvre March 26th, 2014. Denzin, N. K. . (2015). Disneyland Indians: circa Paris, 2014. Qualitative Research , 15 (4), 506-524. Du, J. (2016). Opportunities and challenges for Shanghai DisneylandA stakeholder analysis. Handbook Event Market China. Fletcher, F. (2016). Solutions: Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Goby, V. P., Goby, V. P., Ali, H. M. A., Ali, H. M. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., Lanjawi, M. A. A., ... Al Haddad, K. I. M. A. (2017). Workforce localization, information sharing, and the imperative of culture: A preliminary exploration of expatriate-Emirati information sharing in Dubai's private sector. international Journal of Organizational Analysis , 25 (1), 103-122. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. . (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River: NJ: pearson. Gray, D. E. (2013). Doing research in the real world. Sage. Jones, P., Jones, P., Hillier, D., Hillier, D., Comfort, D., Comfort, D. (2016). Sustainability inthe hospitality industry: Some personal reflections on corporate challenges and researchagendas. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 28 (1), 36-67. Karadjova-Stoev, G., Mujtaba, B. G. . (2016). Strategic human resource management and global expansion lessons from the Euro disney challenges in France. The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online) , 15 (3), 79. Ku, A. S. (2016). Postcolonial Cultural Trends in Hong Kong. Crisis and Transformation inChina's Hong Kong. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., Covin, J. G. . (2014). Diagnosing a firm's internal environmentfor corporate entrepreneurship. Business Horizons , 57 (1), 37-47. Kwantes, C. T., Glazer, S. . (2017). Organizations and Culture. In Culture, Organizations, and Work . Springer International Publishing. Matusitz, J., Palermo, L. . (2014). The Disneyfication of the World: A Grobalisation Perspective. Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change , 11 (2), 91- 107. Mazalov, I., Richter, J. (2016). The elimination of selected barriers in the decision makingprocess. Central European Journal of Management , 2 (1,2). Newell, L. A. (2013). Mickey Goes to France: A Case Study of the Euro Disneyland Negotiations. Robbins, F., G Polite, M. . (2014). The most powerful mouse in the world: the globalization of the Disney brand. Global Journal of Management And Business Research , 14 (1). Smither, R., Houston, J., McIntire, S. . (2016). Organization development: Strategies for changing environments. Routledge.

Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay Example

Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay An Objective inquiry by Dr. Ignatius Gwanmesia into the importance of the influence of the mass media on our attitude to crime. Introduction The British crime phobia â€Å"in part generated by sensationalist media coverage†, Kirsta (2001, p. 5); the corresponding prioritisation of crime-related debates in most party manifestos, Brand and Price, (2000, p. ); the reciprocal investigations into the impact of media messages on crime attitudes are justified on the reality that â€Å"every seconds somewhere in Britain a crime is being committed, and popular newspapers outbid one another to present ever more sensationally lurid coverage of muggings, murders and rapes† Kirsta, (1988, p. 4). While prevailing circumstances may give the impression of a crime epidemic partly due to mass media influence, pinions about direct correlates are not only polarised but problematic in validity and reliability. In analysing the mass media influence on public attitude to crime, I will start by defining ‘mass media’ and ‘crime’. Then, using the television, the newspapers and films as my mass media typologies, I will concurrently critically analyse prevailing opinions on how they impact on public attitude to crime. While the appraisal will evaluate prevailing debates, the conclusion will be a resume of dialogues developed exclusively within the essay. Based on the Harvard model, the bibliography will alphabetically credit citations made within the discourse. Definition Mass media denotes, â€Å"the methods and organization used by special social groups to convey messages to large, socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences† Trowler, (2001, p. 1). The television, newspapers, radio, cinema, mobile phones, films etc are mass media instruments employed in encoding and disseminating messages. Crime denotes â€Å"an action or omission which constitute an offence and is punishable by law† Pearsall, (1998, p. 434). The Mass media attitude-influencing debate With television as the typology, Allen, (1994, p. 37) cites the hitherto elief that â€Å"the camera never lies† to emphasise the trust or reality that majority of the public attaches to mass media messages. From a semiotic and structural perspective, Robert Allen goes on to emphasise that while mass media information are â€Å"partial, motivated, conventional and biased† (p. 38), people simply receive them as †pure information, as an unmediated signifier†. Whi le this tendency and the lack of media literacy may collude to accord consensus to â€Å"the power-wielding ability of the press to instigate public hysteria on crime†, Banks, (2001, p. 7); Trowler, (2001), the correlate between the mass media messages and crime is not only highly contentious but is a factor of a myriad of variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b). With television, the newspapers and films as typologies, the medical model perceives the mass media as the syringe, the message as what is injected and the audience as the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accordingly, the influence of the media on our attitudes to crime is a factor of dosage, (the quantity, frequency and extent of exposure to mass media socialisation, Allen, (1994, p. 37); and the resilience, (audience’s selective ability rather than passive attitude to media messages). However, irrespective of our resilience, â€Å"prolonged exposure to biased media message will eventually impact on our attitudes to crime. † Lazarsfeld et al. , (1948). Some sociologists assert that, â€Å"the hypnotic power of the mass media deprives us of the capacity for critical thought. Marcuse, (1972). This is acute within contemporary techno-globalised society where audiences are incessantly bombarded with crime details or crime-explicit films. Regarding films, the murder of James Bulger was attributed to â€Å"re-enactment of scenes from ‘Child’s play 111. † Ford, (1994). Similarly, critics argue that the television, news papers and cinema have socialised aud iences into stereotyping crime so that medical conditions like mental illness are being criminalised. For example society is more predisposed to prejudge innocent mental patients culpable solely by reason of their circumstance compared to affluent criminals. Similarly, the allegation that British society is â€Å"intrinsically racist†, Donald and Rattansi, (1992, p. 4) is exemplified in media reporting that visibly seem to socialised audiences into criminalising ‘Blackness’. Here, subsequent to a fatal assault, a tabloid caption read, â€Å"Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’† The Sun, (2007). The resulting public hysteria and outraged evoked was indicative of the extent to which placid readers had been socialised through minds and thoughts manipulation into passive and stereotypical consumers of bias media messages. Here, the media relegated the actual criminal act of murder into insignificance while readers were manipulated into using ‘blackness’ with implications of racism as primary criteria in their evaluation of the crime. Similarly, the Telegraph headline of December 14th 1985; â€Å"Black Brixton Looters jailed† Trowler, (2001, p. 10) is typical of mass media attitude manipulation so that ‘blackness’ is perceived as synonymous with criminality. Furthermore, the newspapers and television’s preoccupation with technical efficiency at the expense of empathetic concern have socialised audience into making stars of criminals while crime victims are either negated or re-victimised. Kirsta, (1988, p. 105). For example, the social wor ker was isolated and vilified in the Victoria Climbe trails, thanks to media-audience manipulation. The media’s influence here was to manipulate the audience to scapegoat the less credential social worker as opposed to the learned consultant. As in most criminal investigations, the media became the reporter, prosecutor, judge and executioner while the audience passively consented to the media propaganda. Society’s stereotypical perception of social workers â€Å"as indecisive wimps who fail to protect children from death, or as authoritarian bullies who unjustifiably snatch children from their parent† Banks, (2001, p. 17) persist today thanks to media influence. Ultimately, until a herculean revolution is affected to change the way mass media messages are encoded and disseminated, attitudes to crime will always reciprocate and satisfy the mass media’s mind manipulation and socialisation processes. Appraisal While conservatives of the Mary Whitehouse school vilify the mass media for encouraging and â€Å"desensitizing the audience to crime and violence and other forms of deviance†, Trowler, (2001, p. 112), advocates uphold them not only as the primary means of informing the public but argue that audiences â€Å"are complicated filter mechanism that are selective in their interpretation and pplication of mass media messages. Fiske, (1986). Similarly, while this argument may provide plausible reasons to argue that the selective consumption of media messages serves to mitigate the alleged domineering influence of the mass media on public crime attitudes, Robert Allen (1994, p. 6) stressed that â€Å"despite the seemingly self-evi dent manner in which we are able to make sense of television, that ability is in fact a result of our having learned the convention of television reading. Furthermore, although Robert Allen, (1994, p. 14) says â€Å"early mass communication scholars were impressed by broadcasting’s direct, immediate and drastic effects on behaviours and attitudes†,(p. 14), in qualifying his statement, he emphasised that â€Å"the media did not tell people what to think so much as they told people what to think about. † (p. 14). Crime-wise, the debate would then be whether the mass media implicitly drives some people into committing crime or does it rather set the agenda for public discourse on crime? If as a result of the latter, mass media audiences are instigated to undertake dialogue as a result thereof, then, this must be indicative of attitudes that are the result of mass media sensitisation about crime, or counter response to media crime representations. Whatever the case, a comprehensive appraisal of the power of the mass media on crime attitude is inherently problematic since this â€Å"is an under-research phenomenon† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 118) which â€Å"operates by conventions rather than by hard-and-fast rules. † Allen, (1994, p. 49). Moreover, McQuail, (1994, p. 27) noted that â€Å"there is little agreement on the nature and extent of these assumed effects. † Nonetheless, while it is generally presumed that the mass media influence audience’s attitudes to crime and â€Å"that television cultivates people’s beliefs† Gerbner and Larry (1976), counter argument asserts that â€Å"an individual’s attitude o r predisposition can modify or sometimes completely distort the meaning of a given mass media message† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 127). Furthermore, from an entertainment or escapist perspective, it is argued that television â€Å"is not supposed to be taken seriously. Allen, (1994, p. 4). The issue here is the proportion of mass media audience that are objective enough to discern facts from fiction. Nevertheless, the reality with mass media dependency as our primary source of information or entertainment is that, our attitudes to crime will always mirror some of the shortcomings of the media’s encoding and dissemination processes. Bearing in mind the fact that being a capitalist society where profit-making supersedes ethical and moral values, the various attitudes to crime are factors of vested interest as well as one’s social class within the prevailing economic structure. Research-wise the media’s quest to galvanise readership by stressing the scale rather than the true extent of crime â€Å"is neither ethically acceptable nor logical. † Ennew, (1996, p. 12). Conclusion. In the contemporary techno-globalised world where audiences are not only mass media-dependent for information, Banks, (2001); Trowler, (2001), but are incessantly bombarded with crime minutiae, there is consensus that our attitudes to crime will reciprocate these realities. Banks, (2001); Brand and Price, (2000). However, the extent to which these attitudes are a consequence of media socialisation and manipulation is dependent on a myriad of inter-related variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b); There is also consensus that the public’s habitual moral panic and knee-jerk attitudes of indignation, detestation, and sometimes mass hysteria to emotive crime-reporting are usually instigated by sensational reporting â€Å"to increase readership rather than transmit facts. Kirsta, (1988). Nonetheless some critics argue that â€Å"the mass media, rather than changing attitudes, serves to confirm those attitudes already held by audience. † Trowler, (2001, p. 64). Furthermore, the apparent media’s influence on crime attitude is mitigated on the assumption that majority of the public are rationally selective in their consumption of media messages. Fiske, (1986). Holistically, â€Å"the lack of systematic researches into the exact impact of the mass media on our attitudes to crime†, Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 18), is colluding with other factors to render it necessary to question the reliability and validity of prevailing opinions. Allen, (1994). Thus, until the relevant mechanism is established to address this deficiency, related analysis will forever be shrouded in relativities? Bibliography Allen, R. (1994) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: television and contemporary criticism 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Banks, S. (2001) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. Boyd-Barrett, O. and Newbold, C. (2001) Approaches to Media: A Reader. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing. Brand, S. and Price, R. (2000) The Economic and Social Cost of Crime. London: Home Office Research Study. 217. Buckingham, D. (1993b) Reading Audiences: Young People and the Media. Manchester: UP Ennew et al, (1996) Children and Prostitution: How Can we Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. New York: UNICEF. Fiske, J. (1986) Television: polysemy and popularity, Critical Studies in Mass Communication. Vol, 3. Ford, M. (1994). Sight and Sound. London: BFI. Gerbner, G. And Larry, G. (1976) Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2. Gillespie, M. (1995) Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. London: Routledge. Grays, A. (1992) Video Playtime. London: Routledge. Gunter, B. (1997) Children and the fear of crime. London: Libbey. Gunter, B. (11995) Television and Gender: Representation. London: John Libbey. Katz, E. (1979) On Conceptualising Media Effects. Leuven: Catholic University. Kirsta, A. (1988) Victims: Surviving the aftermath of violent crime. London: Hutchison Ltd. Klapper, J. T (1960) The Effect of Mass Communication. New York: Free Press. Lazarsfeld, P. F. Et al. (1948) The People’s Choice. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Marcuse, H. (1972) The One Dimensional Man. London: Abacus. McQuail, D. (1994) Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, 3rd edn. London: Sage. Pearsall, J. (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Sun, (2007). Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’ London: The Sun Newspaper. Trowler, P. (1998) Investigating Mass Media. London: Collins Educational. Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay Example Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain Essay An Objective inquiry by Dr. Ignatius Gwanmesia into the importance of the influence of the mass media on our attitude to crime. Introduction The British crime phobia â€Å"in part generated by sensationalist media coverage†, Kirsta (2001, p. 5); the corresponding prioritisation of crime-related debates in most party manifestos, Brand and Price, (2000, p. ); the reciprocal investigations into the impact of media messages on crime attitudes are justified on the reality that â€Å"every seconds somewhere in Britain a crime is being committed, and popular newspapers outbid one another to present ever more sensationally lurid coverage of muggings, murders and rapes† Kirsta, (1988, p. 4). While prevailing circumstances may give the impression of a crime epidemic partly due to mass media influence, pinions about direct correlates are not only polarised but problematic in validity and reliability. In analysing the mass media influence on public attitude to crime, I will start by defining ‘mass media’ and ‘crime’. Then, using the television, the newspapers and films as my mass media typologies, I will concurrently critically analyse prevailing opinions on how they impact on public attitude to crime. While the appraisal will evaluate prevailing debates, the conclusion will be a resume of dialogues developed exclusively within the essay. Based on the Harvard model, the bibliography will alphabetically credit citations made within the discourse. Definition Mass media denotes, â€Å"the methods and organization used by special social groups to convey messages to large, socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences† Trowler, (2001, p. 1). The television, newspapers, radio, cinema, mobile phones, films etc are mass media instruments employed in encoding and disseminating messages. Crime denotes â€Å"an action or omission which constitute an offence and is punishable by law† Pearsall, (1998, p. 434). The Mass media attitude-influencing debate With television as the typology, Allen, (1994, p. 37) cites the hitherto elief that â€Å"the camera never lies† to emphasise the trust or reality that majority of the public attaches to mass media messages. From a semiotic and structural perspective, Robert Allen goes on to emphasise that while mass media information are â€Å"partial, motivated, conventional and biased† (p. 38), people simply receive them as †pure information, as an unmediated signifier†. Whi le this tendency and the lack of media literacy may collude to accord consensus to â€Å"the power-wielding ability of the press to instigate public hysteria on crime†, Banks, (2001, p. 7); Trowler, (2001), the correlate between the mass media messages and crime is not only highly contentious but is a factor of a myriad of variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b). With television, the newspapers and films as typologies, the medical model perceives the mass media as the syringe, the message as what is injected and the audience as the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media and Public Attitude to Crime in Britain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accordingly, the influence of the media on our attitudes to crime is a factor of dosage, (the quantity, frequency and extent of exposure to mass media socialisation, Allen, (1994, p. 37); and the resilience, (audience’s selective ability rather than passive attitude to media messages). However, irrespective of our resilience, â€Å"prolonged exposure to biased media message will eventually impact on our attitudes to crime. † Lazarsfeld et al. , (1948). Some sociologists assert that, â€Å"the hypnotic power of the mass media deprives us of the capacity for critical thought. Marcuse, (1972). This is acute within contemporary techno-globalised society where audiences are incessantly bombarded with crime details or crime-explicit films. Regarding films, the murder of James Bulger was attributed to â€Å"re-enactment of scenes from ‘Child’s play 111. † Ford, (1994). Similarly, critics argue that the television, news papers and cinema have socialised aud iences into stereotyping crime so that medical conditions like mental illness are being criminalised. For example society is more predisposed to prejudge innocent mental patients culpable solely by reason of their circumstance compared to affluent criminals. Similarly, the allegation that British society is â€Å"intrinsically racist†, Donald and Rattansi, (1992, p. 4) is exemplified in media reporting that visibly seem to socialised audiences into criminalising ‘Blackness’. Here, subsequent to a fatal assault, a tabloid caption read, â€Å"Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’† The Sun, (2007). The resulting public hysteria and outraged evoked was indicative of the extent to which placid readers had been socialised through minds and thoughts manipulation into passive and stereotypical consumers of bias media messages. Here, the media relegated the actual criminal act of murder into insignificance while readers were manipulated into using ‘blackness’ with implications of racism as primary criteria in their evaluation of the crime. Similarly, the Telegraph headline of December 14th 1985; â€Å"Black Brixton Looters jailed† Trowler, (2001, p. 10) is typical of mass media attitude manipulation so that ‘blackness’ is perceived as synonymous with criminality. Furthermore, the newspapers and television’s preoccupation with technical efficiency at the expense of empathetic concern have socialised audience into making stars of criminals while crime victims are either negated or re-victimised. Kirsta, (1988, p. 105). For example, the social wor ker was isolated and vilified in the Victoria Climbe trails, thanks to media-audience manipulation. The media’s influence here was to manipulate the audience to scapegoat the less credential social worker as opposed to the learned consultant. As in most criminal investigations, the media became the reporter, prosecutor, judge and executioner while the audience passively consented to the media propaganda. Society’s stereotypical perception of social workers â€Å"as indecisive wimps who fail to protect children from death, or as authoritarian bullies who unjustifiably snatch children from their parent† Banks, (2001, p. 17) persist today thanks to media influence. Ultimately, until a herculean revolution is affected to change the way mass media messages are encoded and disseminated, attitudes to crime will always reciprocate and satisfy the mass media’s mind manipulation and socialisation processes. Appraisal While conservatives of the Mary Whitehouse school vilify the mass media for encouraging and â€Å"desensitizing the audience to crime and violence and other forms of deviance†, Trowler, (2001, p. 112), advocates uphold them not only as the primary means of informing the public but argue that audiences â€Å"are complicated filter mechanism that are selective in their interpretation and pplication of mass media messages. Fiske, (1986). Similarly, while this argument may provide plausible reasons to argue that the selective consumption of media messages serves to mitigate the alleged domineering influence of the mass media on public crime attitudes, Robert Allen (1994, p. 6) stressed that â€Å"despite the seemingly self-evi dent manner in which we are able to make sense of television, that ability is in fact a result of our having learned the convention of television reading. Furthermore, although Robert Allen, (1994, p. 14) says â€Å"early mass communication scholars were impressed by broadcasting’s direct, immediate and drastic effects on behaviours and attitudes†,(p. 14), in qualifying his statement, he emphasised that â€Å"the media did not tell people what to think so much as they told people what to think about. † (p. 14). Crime-wise, the debate would then be whether the mass media implicitly drives some people into committing crime or does it rather set the agenda for public discourse on crime? If as a result of the latter, mass media audiences are instigated to undertake dialogue as a result thereof, then, this must be indicative of attitudes that are the result of mass media sensitisation about crime, or counter response to media crime representations. Whatever the case, a comprehensive appraisal of the power of the mass media on crime attitude is inherently problematic since this â€Å"is an under-research phenomenon† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 118) which â€Å"operates by conventions rather than by hard-and-fast rules. † Allen, (1994, p. 49). Moreover, McQuail, (1994, p. 27) noted that â€Å"there is little agreement on the nature and extent of these assumed effects. † Nonetheless, while it is generally presumed that the mass media influence audience’s attitudes to crime and â€Å"that television cultivates people’s beliefs† Gerbner and Larry (1976), counter argument asserts that â€Å"an individual’s attitude o r predisposition can modify or sometimes completely distort the meaning of a given mass media message† Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 127). Furthermore, from an entertainment or escapist perspective, it is argued that television â€Å"is not supposed to be taken seriously. Allen, (1994, p. 4). The issue here is the proportion of mass media audience that are objective enough to discern facts from fiction. Nevertheless, the reality with mass media dependency as our primary source of information or entertainment is that, our attitudes to crime will always mirror some of the shortcomings of the media’s encoding and dissemination processes. Bearing in mind the fact that being a capitalist society where profit-making supersedes ethical and moral values, the various attitudes to crime are factors of vested interest as well as one’s social class within the prevailing economic structure. Research-wise the media’s quest to galvanise readership by stressing the scale rather than the true extent of crime â€Å"is neither ethically acceptable nor logical. † Ennew, (1996, p. 12). Conclusion. In the contemporary techno-globalised world where audiences are not only mass media-dependent for information, Banks, (2001); Trowler, (2001), but are incessantly bombarded with crime minutiae, there is consensus that our attitudes to crime will reciprocate these realities. Banks, (2001); Brand and Price, (2000). However, the extent to which these attitudes are a consequence of media socialisation and manipulation is dependent on a myriad of inter-related variables; age, Gunter, (1987); social class, Gray, (1992); gender, Gunter, (1995); race and ethnicity, Gillespie, (1995) and media literacy, Buckingham, (1993b); There is also consensus that the public’s habitual moral panic and knee-jerk attitudes of indignation, detestation, and sometimes mass hysteria to emotive crime-reporting are usually instigated by sensational reporting â€Å"to increase readership rather than transmit facts. Kirsta, (1988). Nonetheless some critics argue that â€Å"the mass media, rather than changing attitudes, serves to confirm those attitudes already held by audience. † Trowler, (2001, p. 64). Furthermore, the apparent media’s influence on crime attitude is mitigated on the assumption that majority of the public are rationally selective in their consumption of media messages. Fiske, (1986). Holistically, â€Å"the lack of systematic researches into the exact impact of the mass media on our attitudes to crime†, Boyd-Barrett and Newbold, (2001, p. 18), is colluding with other factors to render it necessary to question the reliability and validity of prevailing opinions. Allen, (1994). Thus, until the relevant mechanism is established to address this deficiency, related analysis will forever be shrouded in relativities? Bibliography Allen, R. (1994) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: television and contemporary criticism 2nd edn. London: Routledge. Banks, S. (2001) Ethics and Values in Social Work. Hampshire: Palgrave. Boyd-Barrett, O. and Newbold, C. (2001) Approaches to Media: A Reader. Tunbridge Wells: Gray Publishing. Brand, S. and Price, R. (2000) The Economic and Social Cost of Crime. London: Home Office Research Study. 217. Buckingham, D. (1993b) Reading Audiences: Young People and the Media. Manchester: UP Ennew et al, (1996) Children and Prostitution: How Can we Measure and Monitor the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children? Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. New York: UNICEF. Fiske, J. (1986) Television: polysemy and popularity, Critical Studies in Mass Communication. Vol, 3. Ford, M. (1994). Sight and Sound. London: BFI. Gerbner, G. And Larry, G. (1976) Living with Television: The Violence Profile. Journal of Communication, Vol. 26, No. 2. Gillespie, M. (1995) Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change. London: Routledge. Grays, A. (1992) Video Playtime. London: Routledge. Gunter, B. (1997) Children and the fear of crime. London: Libbey. Gunter, B. (11995) Television and Gender: Representation. London: John Libbey. Katz, E. (1979) On Conceptualising Media Effects. Leuven: Catholic University. Kirsta, A. (1988) Victims: Surviving the aftermath of violent crime. London: Hutchison Ltd. Klapper, J. T (1960) The Effect of Mass Communication. New York: Free Press. Lazarsfeld, P. F. Et al. (1948) The People’s Choice. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Marcuse, H. (1972) The One Dimensional Man. London: Abacus. McQuail, D. (1994) Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction, 3rd edn. London: Sage. Pearsall, J. (1998). The New Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Sun, (2007). Chelsea Law-abiding white male lawyer murdered by two black ‘hoodies. ’ London: The Sun Newspaper. Trowler, P. (1998) Investigating Mass Media. London: Collins Educational.